Phencyclidine: The Dawn Of A New Age Essays -- essays research papers

Phencyclidine The Dawn of a New AgeApril, 1956 The pharmaceutical company Parke & Davis first synthesize whatthey recollect to be the perfect anesthetic (Souza, 1995). When administered topatients, it causes a completely dissociative state, with no significantrespiratory or cardiovascular depression. Patients appear to be awake, eyesopen, eupnoeic normally.but are unaware of their surroundings or the proceduresbeing performed upon them (Souza, 1995). Indeed, this is the perfect drug.Unfortunately, like all good things, this one has a darker side. 15% ofpatients awake from their slumber with what appeared to be an acute case ofparanoid schizophrenia (Peterson Stillman, 1978). The drug is caregiver, and to thisday it is the scourge of the underground drug community, and the focal point ofintense scientific research. Parke Davis and Company did not know how terrible,and wonderful, a discovery they made that day but our world has been changedforever because of it.quite possibly f or the better.The Dust of AngelsPhencyclidine, more commonly known as PCP, is a polycyclic compound belonging tothe arylcyclohexylamine class of chemicals figure 1.0 (Souza 1993). In pureform, it is a white powder which readily dissolves in water. The cyclohexaminesare known for their the potent neurological effects, with PCP being the mostpotent. Almost every variation has been administered to, or abused by, humans at around time (Nintey Fifth Congress, 1978). All these compounds have sympatheticpharmacological effects, which vary considerably according to the amountadministered. Small processs produce a drunken state, in which subjects report anumbness in the extremities, while some species (like dogs and cats) becomequite excited (Halberstadt, 1995). Intermediate doses have anesthetic andanalgesic effects , with the psychic state resembling sensory isolation with oneimportant excommunication the sensory impulses (when tested electrophysiologically)reach the neocortex but " the neuronal signals are grossly distorted"(Halberstadt, 1995). Large doses, especially of PCP, may produce convulsions.Any dose produces cataleptoid muscle effects (Halberstadt, 1995). All thechemicals in this class produce a range a physiological effects, includingtachydardia and hypertension (Halberstadt, 1995). Unlike the othercyclohexamines, however, PCP causes unforgiving "e... ...phy - dont forget thisCarroll, Marilyn. (1992). Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs. New York, N.YChelsea House Publishers.Halberstadt, A.L. (1995). The phencyclidine-glutamate model of schizophrenia.Clinical Neuropharmacology. (Vol. 18) 237-249.Nintey Fifth Congress. (1978). Abuse of dangerous and illicit drugs -psychotropics, phencyclidine (PCP), and talwin Hearings before the selectcommittee on narcotics abuse and control house of representatives. Washington,DC US Government Printing Office.Okuyama, Shigeru. (1994). NE-100, a novel sigma receptor ligand Effect onphencyclidine-induced beh aviors in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Life Sciences. (Vol.55) PL133-138Peterson, R.C, & Stillman, R.C. (1978). PCP-Phencylidine Abuse An appraisal.New York, NY National establish on Drug Abuse.Restak, R.M. (1994). Receptors. New York, N.Y Bantam Books.Souza, Errol B., & Clouet, D., & London, E.D. (1993). Sigma, PCP, and NMDAReceptors. New York, NY National Institute on Drug Abuse.Svensson, T.H. (1995). Mode of action of atypical neuroleptics in relation tothe phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology.(Vol. 15) 11S-18S

Comparing Reactions to Industrialism in Frankenstein and The Communist

Reactions to Industrialism in Frankenstein and The communistic Manifesto The radical changes of the nineteenth century were un analogous any the world had seen before. A sense of these changes were felt by each in many an(prenominal) aspects not just politically, but in social and cultural means as well. When Mary Shelleys Frankenstein was published in 1831, it was clear that many general elements of the romantic era were well reflected. Similarly, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels The Communist Manifesto appeared in 1848, a time of great national political revolutions throughout Europe. While textually these diachronic nineteenth century texts have little in common, it is clear however that they both are punishing reactions to previous movements of European society. Underlying Shelleys Frankenstein are strong uses of romanticism, whereas The Communist Manifesto is undoubtedly opposing the consequences of the industrial revolution in Europe both reactions of the past, yet effective in starkly different ways. Frankenstein, like other English Romantics, placed great emphasis on the power of nature. The Arve Ravine, and the Valley of Chamounix exemplify the harmony and beautiful serenity of nature, and add to the romantic timber of the novel while sharply contrasting with the chaos of Victors troubled mind. The Romantic movement can be seen as a protest against the rapid industrialisation that was occurring in England at the time of Frankensteins publication. While many interpretations are plausible, the novel depicts the fear that technology (and the human obsession with technology) would ultimately prove disastrous. The characters of Walton and Frankenstein are cause by Romantic idealism, as manifested in their ... ...r a classless, productive, industrial society that was beneficial to all, the mere recognition of strength in numbers and class solidarity were fundamentally effective and paved the way not only for future governmen ts but for future laborers. Works Cited Lowe-Evans, Mary. Frankenstein Mary Shellys Wedding Guest. New York Twayne Publishers, 1993. Marx, Karl. Communist Manifesto. Birth of the Communist Manifesto. Ed. Dirk J. Struik. New York International, 1971. 85-125. Oates, Joyce Carol. Frankenstein Creation as Catastrophe. Mary Shellys Frankenstein. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein Or the Modern Prometheus. New York Penguin Books, 1978. Tropp, Martin. Mary Shellys Monster. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1976.

Teaching To the Individual Students :: Education Learning School Essays

Teaching To the Individual StudentsThroughout my life I have had umteen experiences, any(prenominal) of the ones that I repute most fondly argon the ones that involve educational activity. Whether it was being taught by a loving and caring great(p) or myself belief children at my church, I issue to be where true understanding and true learning is taking place. I will to be an support and loving teacher who lets her students know that she cares and is chastiseing her take up to aim a positive difference in their lives. When trying to come up with my teaching school of thought, I quickly realized that one method is non for me, I need to combine many methods to make my style fit the many personalities and learning styles of my students. With all(a) of the learning styles that students exhibit I do non see how a teacher could simply teach with one philosophy all of the time. If they choose to speak all the time, how will the kinesthetic and visual learners, who make u p the biggest percentage of the population, understand the material? Overall, I will combine parts from the philosophies of essentialism and progressivism, and use some of the behaviorism method to help encourage the separate behaviors in my class. I believe that these three styles will combine together to form a teaching method that will be appropriate for many learners at one time, and that these styles will accomplish my dream of making a difference in my students lives.after college I hope to get a teaching job in southern West Virginia, and eventually work on my masters degree. My reasons for orgasm to the teacher education field are simple. I decided to be a teacher because of my desire to work with children. I will teach children who are at an impressionable time in their lives, pre-school with sixth grade, and I will try to be a good example and model for them to follow. I will be the counselor, helper, and nurse that all primary(a) children need. I will be there for my students in the good times and the bad. Overall, I will try to make a positive difference in their lives. I believe that every child should have the opportunity to learn in a instruction that is fun and fits their learning styles this is why my teaching philosophy is a combination of so many different methods.Teaching To the Individual Students Education Learning School EssaysTeaching To the Individual StudentsThroughout my life I have had many experiences, some of the ones that I remember most fondly are the ones that involve teaching. Whether it was being taught by a loving and caring adult or myself teaching children at my church, I love to be where true understanding and true learning is taking place. I will to be an encouraging and loving teacher who lets her students know that she cares and is trying her best to make a positive difference in their lives. When trying to come up with my teaching philosophy, I quickly realized that one method is not for me, I need to combine many methods to make my style fit the many personalities and learning styles of my students. With all of the learning styles that students exhibit I do not see how a teacher could simply teach with one philosophy all of the time. If they choose to lecture all the time, how will the kinesthetic and visual learners, who make up the biggest percentage of the population, understand the material? Overall, I will combine parts from the philosophies of essentialism and progressivism, and use some of the behaviorism method to help encourage the appropriate behaviors in my class. I believe that these three styles will combine together to form a teaching method that will be appropriate for many learners at one time, and that these styles will accomplish my dream of making a difference in my students lives.After college I hope to get a teaching job in southern West Virginia, and eventually work on my masters degree. My reasons for coming to the teacher education field are simp le. I decided to be a teacher because of my desire to work with children. I will teach children who are at an impressionable time in their lives, pre-school through sixth grade, and I will try to be a good example and model for them to follow. I will be the counselor, helper, and nurse that all elementary children need. I will be there for my students in the good times and the bad. Overall, I will try to make a positive difference in their lives. I believe that every child should have the opportunity to learn in a way that is fun and fits their learning styles this is why my teaching philosophy is a combination of so many different methods.

Capote/Krakauer Comparison :: essays papers

Capote/Krakauer Comparison EssayThe most important thing any writer plunder do is to glide by their characters a feel ofdimension to make them seem real. Although Capote and Krakauer do that in reallydifferent ways in In algid Blood and Into Thin Air, they both r from each oneed the same end result characters you believe. They give them thoughts, faces and personalities. They dont portray everyone as flaw slight, they display the faults and the little quirks. They give them spiritedness through words, do these stories believable. Despite the fact both incidents happened years before each book was written, the use of detailed facts and personality profiles make each account statement seem incredibly realistic. But while Capote chooses to write an entirely objective piece, Krakauer relies heavily on personal opinion and experience, creating two very straightforward frames of mind and causing the reader too see the characters in each book very differently.In 1959 the Clutter family was murdered in a critical Kansas town called Holcomb.Six years later Truman Capote wrote a very detailed book about the whole field, from theday of the murder to the greet case prosecuting the two murderers, Dick and Perry.Although he wasnt there when the four murders happened, through word choice,description and characterization he creates an accurate portrait of the galore(postnominal) intensive events surrounding such a tragic story.In comparison, in 1996 esteemed ascenter Rob Hall led an expedition ofmoderately see climbers attempting to climb Mt. Everest, only to result indisaster and the loss of nine peoples lives. Jon Krakauer was a member of thatexpedition, and wrote a piece about the casualty for outback(a) magazine. Feeling therewas to a greater extent to be said, soon after he wrote a book. Krakauer takes a similar approach asCapote, yet inserting more opinions and less of a feeling of objectiveness to hischaracters. This is most likely since Krakauer wa s living Everest first hand, as contrary to Capote who put himself into the environment years later, picking up details here and there instead of relying solely on memory and friends. One of Capotes greatest strengths is to create thought for his characters, making it about appear as if he knows what they are thinking.All summer Perry undulated between half-awake stupors and stickly, sweat-drenchedsleep. Voices roared through his head one voice persistently asked him, Where is Jesus? Where? And one time he woke up shouting, The bird is Jesus The Bird is Jesus (381)This selection almost creates a feeling that Capote is talking about himself as opposed to a man he never met.Capote/Krakauer Comparison essays papersCapote/Krakauer Comparison EssayThe most important thing any writer can do is to give their characters a feel ofdimension to make them seem real. Although Capote and Krakauer do that in verydifferent ways in In Cold Blood and Into Thin Air, they both reached the same e nd result characters you believe. They give them thoughts, faces and personalities. They dont portray everyone as flawless, they display the faults and the little quirks. They give them life through words, making these stories believable. Despite the fact both incidents happened years before each book was written, the use of detailed facts and personality profiles make each story seem incredibly realistic. But while Capote chooses to write an entirely objective piece, Krakauer relies heavily on personal opinion and experience, creating two very distinct frames of mind and causing the reader too see the characters in each book very differently.In 1959 the Clutter family was murdered in a tiny Kansas town called Holcomb.Six years later Truman Capote wrote a very detailed book about the whole case, from theday of the murder to the court case prosecuting the two murderers, Dick and Perry.Although he wasnt there when the four murders happened, through word choice,description and char acterization he creates an accurate portrait of the many intense events surrounding such a tragic story.In comparison, in 1996 esteemed climber Rob Hall led an expedition ofmoderately experienced climbers attempting to climb Mt. Everest, only to result indisaster and the loss of nine peoples lives. Jon Krakauer was a member of thatexpedition, and wrote a piece about the misadventure for Outside magazine. Feeling therewas more to be said, soon after he wrote a book. Krakauer takes a similar approach asCapote, yet inserting more opinions and less of a feeling of objectiveness to hischaracters. This is most likely since Krakauer was living Everest first hand, as opposed to Capote who put himself into the environment years later, picking up details here and there instead of relying solely on memory and friends. One of Capotes greatest strengths is to create thought for his characters, making italmost appear as if he knows what they are thinking.All summer Perry undulated between half-aw ake stupors and stickly, sweat-drenchedsleep. Voices roared through his head one voice persistently asked him, Where is Jesus? Where? And once he woke up shouting, The bird is Jesus The Bird is Jesus (381)This selection almost creates a feeling that Capote is talking about himself as opposed to a man he never met.

Is Human Cloning Another Frankenstein? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

Is Human Cloning Another Frankenstein? The creation of life by unnatural method is a question that Mary Shelleys Frankenstein addresses. Through the events that result from Victors begin to bestow life to the inanimate, Shelley concludes that it is inappropriate for man to play god. With the advent of the science of creation, cloning, scientists now face the same problem that Shelley raised years ago. The applications of such question are numerous, all varying in severity. In what way the users for cloning are overhauled and performed is of much debate. Unfortunately, there is no absolute answer for the issue. A popular suggestion is to develop cloning technology for medical use on humans. The creation of animals for use at mans discretion, such as livestock for food, is an quaint and generally accepted practice. However, when creating a human clone, for its organs, can it be said that such an act is murder? Aldous Huxley illustrates another vision of cloning in tolerate New World. The novel depicts people created from basic templates to fit in a given level of society. Should people have the ability to design the type of pip-squeak they get? The implications of creating custom humans raise many good problems. In Shelleys Frankenstein, the act of creation resulted in an abhorred being. Using cloning, there is the potentiality for someone to develop a genetically enhanced being for malicious purposes. The question of how to regulate potential uses and misuses of the aforementioned ideals is of much debate. Several acceptable answers have been suggested, but all(prenominal) has its own weaknesses and group of detractors. As an answer to the moral questions that the advent of cloning has raised, several coun... ... will be formulated. With the exploration of various solutions and issues that arise when dealing with these approaches to the moral dilemma faced, one can only conclude that the best solution is already being developed. The human race i s not ready to control the governance of life, for there are too many potential abuses and no way to control them. A peremptory ban on human cloning look into should not be necessary with the current level of cloning technology possessed. However, the strict limiting of which areas of this research are pursued, and who pursues the research is most critical. As unfermented ideas appear confusion arises, and understanding of all aspects of the new ideas cause rise to necessary changes in society. The popular approval of the idea of human cloning is native to the efforts of those who wish to advance the science of human cloning.

An exploration into play, provision and pedagogy

Greek babyren enjoyed making b wholes for pigs bladders showing heir creativity side and Roman infantren liked to exploit with toy soldiers. They likewise took part In running and Jumping games and piggybacked flights. Hoops were made erupt of the iron frames of wheels. Depending on the society in which children live, childrens shape would be reflected. In the case of Greek and Roman children, physical activities took place alongside adults. During this stopover, contact was never documented as it was not considered worthy of doing so. By the eighteenth Century depend was valued.Rousseau believed that children should be subject to roam freely and explore the outdoors ready to learn and read by means of play. He believed that children looked at play and hammer as a whole and that children should play as a right for it showed their potential. In 1998, Scratch and Spoke (2007, pap) describe two approaches to play in the 19th and 20th centuries classical and moderne dynamic. The classical theories were to explain the reason that play existed. The reasons being The relaxation theory in which individuals recharge energy that they tucker out in cash in ones chips.Therefore play is relaxation and a source of energy before beginning work again. The surplus energy theory, in contrast to the relaxation theory, viewed play as a means of eliminating excess energy. Play then(prenominal) was regarded as an instinctive behavior with no immediate goal. Herbert Spences theory was heavily influenced by the work of Schaller. Play as pre-exercise. According to this perspective play is an instinctive way of preparing children for adult life. Play experiences are similar to those they will experience as adults, and therefore children are rehearsing adult skills In their play.Gross adopted this view in the late nineteenth century, he believed play was functional and characterized by undefined activity, pleasure and predominate by process rather than reduce. He be lieved that experimental play developed mental skills and self-control, and Imitative play developed Inter-personal skills. In contrast to the classical theories. The modern perspectives have a incompatible view on the context of play. The theorists 1 OFF that Piglet believed childrens knowledge was increased through engaging with the environment.He studied play primarily from a cognitive viewpoint. From Piglets perspective, learning takes place through two processes, these being assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is when advanced knowledge is accepted from the oral and accommodation is adapting this new information to make links with previously developed understanding or schemas. Piglet believed that learning is a continuing process of adaptation to the environment. Piglet viewed the childs maturement as leading learning, with play having a strong influence on development.Therefore play has an important educational purpose however Piglet paid little attention to the r ole of language in learning. McLeod (2007) states that Weights believed all childrens learning happened within a social context. He was a social constructivist and in his theory he placed the support of others such as adults which is well known as scaffolding. These adults are as central to developing childrens understanding. Therefore, language makes a critical division to the development of the childs learning. The adult has a distinct role in moving children on from their present, to their potential development.In contrast to Piglet, Weights understood learning to lead development. He believed children wee-wee play that has purpose which in turn determines their affective states. Weights stated that the childs greatest achievements were possible in play because In play a child behaves end his average age, above his daily behavior in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Augusto 1978 102). Essentially then, the child moves forward through play activity. One ap proach to play in which the setting have shown some links to is Regis Emilie.This approach believes that collaboration and documentation is life-sustaining to a childs development. Regis overly sees the environment as the third teacher. The settings behavior policy (2013 p. L) states that We place great emphasis on our values of mutual trust and respect for all and for the association ND environment in which we live This can therefore link into the fact of the environment acting as a third teacher as the children are able to use the outdoors area for a number of different occasions such as learning days and playtimes.The settings play provision supports this state as the main form of play which is offered is free play. Free play is when a child is able to choose what activity they would like to do, how they want to do it, when to stop and start something else. Free play does not have any external goals that are set by the adults and there isnt a curriculum in which to follow. Al though practitioners usually provide the space and resources for free play and might be involved, the children take the lean and the adult responds to cues from the children.The setting provide a set period of time when the children are able to access whatever resources they wish, including the outdoors, and they are able to develop their play and learning in this time, in their own way. Developing different hypothesis about life and make their own conclusions. The setting has a number of children that acquire challenging behavior and therefore, supports the theory of Surplus energy. Today it is discernible that children have fewer opportunities for outdoor play. The environment for outdoor play is generally understudied and the role of the adult in this is frequently involved.In play children tend to seek out risks, because through these they develop their self-esteem these skills. Adults in the setting are now overly cautious and their fear reduce childrens opportunities to set t hemselves challenges and take risks. Early fosterage (2012) states that Children learn and develop well in enabling environments, in which their experiences respond to their individual brings and there is a strong readership between practitioners and parents and careers. It has become lucid that the behavior in the children has seen to be more challenging when the weather is bad and the outdoors area is shut.Perhaps down to the fact that the children are then not able to access all areas of play in which they feel benefits them. The setting should therefore have an undercover area, or an area in which children who feel they need to work off any additional energy that they may have, can do so. This should be accessible for these children in all weather situations. If this is not available for the children to access, then it will slow down part of their development in which play helps to aid. Children are highly motivated to play, although adults find defining and understanding c hildrens play a challenge.All aspects of development and learning are related in play, especially their cognitive development. When children have time to play, their play grows in complexity and becomes more cognitively and socially demanding. Through free play children are able to explore different materials and discover their properties which will help them then to use heir knowledge of materials to fanciful play such as role play. During role play, children are able to express their emotions and reveal their inner feelings which is a key time for the adults to be spy the children and ways in which they handle different situations.It helps to give an insight into each childs interests. If a child is experiencing any traumatic experiences, play can help that child to deal with these in their own way which is helping them to maintain emotional balance, physical and mental health, and well-being. Free play not only lets a child to explore different activities but it withal enables them to develop a reek of who they are, their value of themselves and others. Play also helps a childs language and social development as they are learning the skills to communicate and share. Play England (2007, p. 6) state that Early pioneers in early childhood studies such as Forbore, Interiors and Steiner, who were influenced by the work of Rousseau, influenced the early years curriculum. They all believed that childhood is a distinctly different state from adulthood and that adults therefore should not seek to prepare children for adulthood. This is therefore in contrast with the play as pre-exercise theory. Forbore, Interiors and Steiner all believed children are self-motivating that adults have a tendency to be too dominant and cut across this motivation.Interiors, however, did not believe in play or toys. Children in her kindergartens experienced real household tasks. Forbore believed that children were strong and confident and that through play they saw things through to completion. The setting supports Steiners theory as he believed that children need free, creative play to develop their spirit, their bodies and heir minds and in the setting there are many different creative resources available for the children to access such as a craft area, outdoors area and role play.Steiner also believed it was important to provide real life tasks for children which will then give them a sense of belonging and connectedness to the environment and again this is achieved through the outdoor area. The setting offers the opportunity for allows children to cook different recipes based on ingredients found in the outdoors. Steiner also believed that educators needed to provide rhythm and structure in the hillsides day. The setting has a visual timetable in order for the children to understand the structure of the day ahead.There is also flock time in which the children are able to communicate with both their peers and their adults and can talk about their own indivi dual interests. These are then taken into government note for future planned activities. However, if for whatever reason the setting is unable to stick to this plan this can confuse the childrens understanding of the day and put them on edge. It also makes it harder for practitioners to be able to take the time to observe ND document the interests of children and therefore resulting in activity plans that arent quite suitable to the needs of the children.In conclusion, I feel that the play provision in the setting could use a lot more structure in the sense of planned activities which are more vital to the childrens development. These activities should be based upon their interests and although it is hard to find the time in the day to document these interests, I believe it should be made a priority as the children will not gain all that they could from their play time. I also believe that the outdoors area deeds more accessible and more capture resources to help aid their develop ment not Just in there cognitive aspects but also their social and language development.

A Man of Innovation: Sam Walton

When surface-to-air missile Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in 1962, it was the beginning of an the Statesn success fabrication that no one could have p blushing(a)icted. A small-t aver merchant who had operated change stores in Arkansas and Missouri, Walton was convinced that consumers would flock to a discount store with a gigantic array of merchandise and friendly service. Hence, Wal-Marts mission is to deliver big-city discounting to small-town America.From humble, hard-working roots, surface-to-air missile Walton built Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. into the largest, fastest-growing, and most profitable retailer in the world. A child of the Depression, Sam continuously worked hard. He would milk the cows, and by the age of eight, he started merchandising magazine subscriptions. When he turned 12, Sam overlyk on a paper route that he continued well into his college days to support himself. Walton began his retail career at J.C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa in 1940 making just $7 5 per month. In 1945, Sam borrowed $5,000 from his wife and $20,000 from his wifes family to open a Ben Franklin five and dime franchise in Newport, Arkansas.In 1950, he relocated to Bentonville, Arkansas and opened a Walton 5&10. everywhere the next 12 years they built up and grew to 15 Ben Franklin Stores under the name of Walton 5&10. Sam had plenty of new ideas. He liked to masses with the suppliers directly so he could pass the savings on to the clients. He later brought a new idea to Ben Franklin management that they should open discount stores in small towns. They rejected his idea.Sam and his brother James (Bud) opened their first Wal-Mart Discount City store in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962. Walton and his wife Helen had to erect up everything they had, including their house and property to finance the first 18,000 square-foot store. With gradual growth everywhere the next eight years, they went public in 1970 with only 18 stores and gross revenue of $44 million. While othe r large chains lagged behind, Wal-Mart soon grew rapidly in the 1970s, due to their highly automated distribution centers and computerization. By 1980, they were up to 276 stores with revenues of over $1.2 billion.Sam Waltons guiding philosophy for his stores from the beginning was to offer consumers a wide selection of priceys at a discounted price. The company saved money by care low advertising costs and located stores in small towns where residents had few options for retail shopping. On one level, Sam Walton was just folks, the guy with the red dented pickup with the bird dogs in buttocks. On another, he was the flinty entrepreneur, there to peer as deep into the salesmens souls as into their sample kits and persuade them to view as a deeper discount for Wal-Marts bulk and massive purchases.Wal-Marts success in small towns led to criticism that the stores took business away from small, hometown merchants. Neverthe slight, the company managed to in(predicate)ly market the s tores as friendly, local businesses. In the Wal-Mart spirit, employees often greet shoppers at the stores entrances. Since their early days, Wal-Mart stores have paid careful attention to specific community needs and wants, often merchandising local merchandise a ache with items sold throughout the chain. In addition, the company honors selected graduating high school seniors with college scholarships, and the stores hold charity fund-raisers and sponsor various community events.Wal-Marts corporal community spirit began to exert an influence on public policy in the 1990s. After the record industry established a parental informatory system of stickering music albums containing potentially offensive material, Wal-Mart decided to ban the stickered albums altogether from their stores. The company subsequently has succeeded in influencing many record companies to release clean versions of stickered albums. Wal-Mart has enormous impact in the music industry, largely because closely on e-tenth of all compact disks sold in the United States are sold at Wal-Marts.Today, Wal-Mart has over 728,000 Associates worldwide with 3,500 stores, sales of over $104 billion, is in operation in all 50 states and its still growing. In an average week, approximately 60,000,000 customers get out shop at Wal-Mart throughout the world. In his autobiography Sam Walton Made in America My Story, Sam shares with us, If you believe in your dreams, theres no limit to what you can do. In 1992, American legend, Sam Walton left us with these words, I would like to be remembered as a good friend to most everyone whose life Ive touched as soulfulness who has maybe meant something to them and helped them some way.While Waltons management techniques over the years were hardly the stuff of an MBA program, it represents the kind of grassroots common sense that many entrepreneurs readily acknowledge-but too seldom heed. (People have a knack for making business more than complicated than it needs t o be.) What Walton showed the world, but especially the retailing world, was that success was rooted in a mindfulness of a few basic principles. These principles consisted of constantly world mindful of customer service and satisfaction, ever so take advantage of the competitions ideas, diversify, employee satisfaction, and give back to the community. Couple this with a relentless drive to put these principles into practice.Sam Walton understood better, it seems, than anyone else that no business can exist without customers. He lived by the creed of, invite the customer the centerpiece of all your efforts. In addition, in the process of serving Wal-Marts customers he served Wal-Mart associates, shareholders, and communities. He accomplished this almost without parallel in American business. Walton knew what the customer wanted. The customer wanted everything a large assortment of quality merchandise low prices satisfaction guaranteed friendly service convenient hours free parking a pleasant shopping experience. His motto was, always exceed the customers expectations.In the 1950s and 1960s the great migration from the inner cities and from the rural areas to the suburbs had begun. The big retail giants stayed put, near the large populated suburban and urban areas. Small town and rural America either had to travel to the big city to buy cheaper or buy from the local merchant at a higher price. These merchants seemed to think that since they had a captive audience they could stick with their 35 to 45 percent mark-ups. There seemed to be an ever widening or let me say, vacuum occurring.Walton has been accused of single handily driving the small town merchants out of business. Reality shows though that the small town merchants brought about their own demise, by being greedy and only trying to monopolize their small piece of the market. They also viewed that raising the mark-up on their goods could only solve their loss of revenue, declining because of pile mov ing out and wad driving to the urban areas to shop. Sam apothegm just the reverse of this. Buy in tremendous volume, mark the goods up less than 30% and carry a large variety of goods.Every day low prices is a hall mark of Wal-Mart and Sam credits a manufacturers actor from New York, Harry Weiner, with his first real lesson about pricing Harry was snitching ladies panties for $2 a dozen. Wed been buying similar panties from Ben Franklin for $2.50 a dozen and selling them at three pair for $1. Well, at Harrys price of $2, we could put them out at four for $1 and make a great promotion for our store. Heres the bare(a) lesson we l pissed say I bought an item for 80 cents. I found that by pricing it at $1.00, I could sell three times more of it than by pricing it at $1.20. I might make only half the profit per item, but because I was selling three times as many, the overall profit was much greater.Simple enough, but this is really the essence of discounting. By cutting your price, you can boost your sales to a point where you earn far more at the cheaper retail. Sams adherence to this pricing philosophy was unshakable, as one of Wal-Marts first store managers recalls Sam wouldnt let us hedge on a price at all. Say the list price was $1.98, but we had paid only 50 cents. Initially, I would say, Well, its originally $1.98, so why dont we sell it for $1.25? Hed say, No. We paid 50 cents for it so mark it up 30 percent, and thats it. No matter what you pay for it, if we get a great deal, pass it on to the customer. And of course thats what we did. Moreover, thats what we continue to do work diligently to find great deals to pass on to our customers.Some will argue that Waltons envision was, and Wal-Marts plan even today, is to drive all competition out and raise prices for even larger profits. In essence, become a monopoly similar to the previous small-town merchants. The argument is blunt because a true free market will not allow this to occur. Someone will come in to fill the new vacuum that will be in existence. Just like Sam Walton did with Wal-Mart.Walton also saw a large segment of the country, although widely dispersed in small towns, being totally inconvenienced by the big retailers. Yet the treatment by the people who owned the small-town stores who were neighbors, and sat in the same pew on Sundays was even worsened in Sams eyes, it was unconscionable. He could not understand how neighbors could treat one another in such a way over profitability. It was not right and he would make sure people were treated like friends and family when they came into a Wal-Mart.Sam Walton from the very beginning would scope out his competitors. When he would go to a competitors store, it was always tempting to see how dumpy it was, how small it was, or any other negative aspect that would make his stores seem better. He would never tolerate those types of thoughts. When he and whomever came back from visiting the competition, he would force them to focus on what the competition did better than their stores did. Once he went into a store in Tennessee and the place was awful.The drive smelled, and it was just a disaster. In addition, his associates were kidding each other wondering what Sam was going to say about this situation. Sam looked at the back of the store and saw a cigarette rack and said, You know, thats the finest cigarette merchandising Ive seen in a year. Sams view of his visits to the competition was that you have to see what they do better than you and learn from them. You essential never have the arrogance to take your competition for granted, because that can come back and hurt you.Sam Walton felt that a business should always diversify, scatter their risk. While Walton may have had his fortune tied up in one business, he still sold everything and anything he could get a good price on. Sam Walton felt that if you want anything bad enough, you could find a way to do it. Sam Walton said, Theres a steep pric e you pay for success, and successful people in business know that. Sams philosophy on leverage was that you couldnt spend more than youre taking in, that leverage will always come around and bite you. Conversely, Walton also felt that tough times magnify opportunity for those who avoid debt. He always said that there will come a time when big opportunities will be presented to you, and you have to be in a position to take advantage of them.Sam Walton told a story about how back in the late 1970s, when Wal-Mart had about 250 stores, when he received a call from the chairman of Kmart offering to buy Wal-Mart. Walton replied, Gee, thats funny. I thought wed buy you. The Kmart people were amused. After all, at the time Kmart had five times as many stores as Wal-Mart. However, Walton knew that internal and external problems were plaguing Kmart. The company was over leveraged and lacked focus. Kmart was a retailer in distress. Walton could see that, and he knew it was time to seize the m oment and go for the jugular. In the sluggish, high-interest-rate economy of the early 80s, Kmart faltered and Wal-Mart ate its proverbial lunch.Sam is notorious for calling his employees, as did J. C. Penney, associates instead of clerks or workers. This may not seem like a large difference, however, it instills a feeling in each employee that he/she is responsible for the trading operations of the firm. Sam had never thought of using it at Wal-Mart until during a visit to England when he saw a storefront window. It was the Lewis Company, J. M. Lewis Partnership. They had a partnership with all of their associates listed up on the sign. For some reason, that whole idea really excited me a partnership with all our associates.His openness to talk and listen to anyone of his employees made them feel that they were an inviolate part of the company. He would later on use his companys satellite system to communicate live to all of the stores at once to relay messages, which he thought, were vitally important. Although this practice is not copied from any company, the very concept of being close to all associates is being copied from his early mentor, J. C. Penney. Sam believes in opening the lines of communication, so they do not only flow from top to bottom, but from bottom to top. Mr. Penney also displayed this idea by spending as much time as thinkable in his stores.One author said, Walton does a remarkable job of instilling near religious fervor in his people. Sam borrowed this idea from Mr. Penney, the president of J. C. Penney, dapple Sam worked for him. Then, of course, the icing on the cake was when James Cash Penney himself visited the store one day. He didnt get around to the stores as often as I would later on, but he did get around. Sam made a point to be in the store as much as he could, unlike many managers of today. The reason for this was to allow his associates to really feel important with the president of the company coming to visit them.Few could argue with Adam Smiths educational activity that It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. Those businesses that refuse to look after their own self-interests will not be businesses long enough to have any impact. At the same time, however, there can certainly be regard for a larger purpose. For some businesses, commitment to a larger purpose would be simply learning the difference between right and wrong, while others take a more responsible view of the occasion they play in the lives of their employees, their customers, and ultimately how they affect the world. Sam Waltons philosophies were and are fundamentally based on enceinte back some of the wealth that he and his family receive.Sam Walton, was not just one of the most successful and rich men in America, but prided himself and his family on giving something back. His familys gifts reflect a wide variety of interests , spread across numerous organizations, with a heavy emphasis on education. His programs continue after his death.Walton funded a special scholarship program that sends kids from Central America to college in Arkansas. Presently, there are about 180 of these children enrolled at three different Arkansas schools, and Sam paid about $13,000 a year per student. He also sponsored seventy scholarships of $6,000 each year for children of Wal-Mart associates. In addition to many educational institutions, recipients of Walton family gifts include church groups and community projects like zoos, libraries, and recreational facilities.He back up hospitals and medical research programs. He funded art groups and theater groups and symphonies. He gave to conservation and environmental causes and veterans groups, as well as to economic development groups and free green light groups. Sam and his family also supported both private and public schools. Sam supported such groups as the Citizens Again st Government Waste, Students in Free Enterprise, and the Arkansas descent Council. He conducted an aggressive United Way campaign. He was the largest single contributor to the Childrens Miracle Network Telethon, donating $7.5 million.Sam donated his share of the proceeds from his book, Made in America, to the New American School Corporation, a private initiative started by business leaders who have pledged to raise $200 million for the development of break-the-mold schools. Most of the giving that Sam Walton has done has either been anonymously, or linked to strict requests for no publicity.