Consumer Protection Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Consumer Protection Law - Essay Example Imputing liability upon a Seller purely on the basis of goods not conforming to the exact description of the good offered for sale may not be applicable unless and until it can be proved that the buyer relied upon such a description in arriving at a decision to purchase the product. The description of the good is to be taken into account when determining whether the goods are of a satisfactory quality. In the case of Varley v Whipp3, it was held that in every case where the buyer has not had the opportunity to see the goods before purchase, the goods will be deemed to have been bought by description. The old pot ornament would, therefore, have been expected to conform to its description and photograph as laid out in the advertisement, which states â€Å"old pot ornament, in good condition for its age.† But the goods received by Chris show the ornament not conforming to the description. The question of goods sold which did not match their description arose in the case of Beale v Taylor4 where the defendant had advertised his car as a 1961 Herald convertible, however, the actual car comprised two parts welded together and only one of these parts came from the 1961 model rather than the entire car. As a result, the car that was delivered to the buyer was held to not conform to its description and the Court allowed the plaintiff to secure damages. The question of description also arose in the case of Andrews v Hopkinson5 where the dealer’s description of the item in question as a â€Å"good little bus, I would stake my life on it† was held to be a contractual term because it formed a part of the description that was set out in the advertisement for the goods. Similarly, in the case of Couchman v Hill6, a statement made about the heifer sold was that it was â€Å"unserved† and the Court held that every item in the description which forms a component part of the identity of the object sold is a condition for which the seller can be held li able.

Business Organization of R&D Activities in Big Pharma Companies Essay

Business Organization of R&D Activities in Big Pharma Companies - Essay Example Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK) has the strongest pipeline in pharmaceutical industry the globe over. This pipeline is achieved when out of millions of compounds screened about 250 make it to pre-clinical testing, 10 make it to clinical testing and only one gets approved for patient use. With these astronomical trial efforts involved, R&D activity needs to be brisk and fast at all stages to keep the pipeline growing. GSK's recent robust performance is threatened substantially by this very patent and pipeline uncertainties. Therefore the period 2004-06 will require the company to devise methods to emerge out of these uncertainties as competition mounts pressure throughout this period. In order to resolve its diseconomies of scale on formal innovation(each commercially released drug is equivalent to an innovation), GSK has restructured the company's R&D functions into strategic business units, styled Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery(CEDD), breaking from an organic and holistic structure in order to hasten process of innovation. GSK appears to be attempting to keep its pipeline filled via this method.GSK followed this restructuring with another round when it introduced Medicine Development centers (MDCs).The main task of MDCs is to streamline decision making and maximize the global development opportunities for each product. The MDCs are responsible for product development from concept stage to manufacturing and marketing stages.MDCs enter into collaborations with CEDDs at an early stage thus integrating R&D, manufacturing and marketing functions. Because of the smaller scale of these units the decision layers in each activity has not only been reduced but has also become transparent and accountable.Intra organization communication is now specialized in competence functions and thus is quick and decisive. A web site on company information describes the organization structure and R& D activity at GSK to fit in the above description almost exactly "The organizational structure of GSK is designed to make our company a model for excellence in the pharmaceutical industry - a new company that represents best practice in every way. GSK is a company with the size and scale to invest in the tools we need to succeed, and to drive that success going forward. To achieve that goal, GSK is organized as a flexible company, capable of responding quickly to a rapidly changing marketplace. Organized globally to coordinate activities and gain the benefits of size and scale, the company is built on smaller, customer-focused units, dedicated to delivering medicines that relieve the suffering of patients around the world. The new and innovative model for R&D, the focused structure of our pharmaceutical business throughout the world and the organization of our global services such as IT and Procurement are some of the highlights in the approach which will lead our success.At GSK, scientists in Research and Development are committed to capturing