War Is Unpredictable

To an extent war is unpredictable, however the meaningless punishment and demoralising conduct is something that soldiers experience constantly throughout war. In Owen’s poem â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† he diminishes the patriotism and heroism that is commonly associated with war and replaces it with depictions of the harsh punishment and perfidious death of youth in war. Correspondingly in his poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† he extends the theme of unpatriotic behaviour and hollow death and suggests that war is also a devilish and sinful practice, where nothing but death and hatred arise. Contrastingly, in Stanley Kubrick’s war film â€Å"Full Metal Jacket† he does not look at death in war, but conversely the internal punishment that superior officers give to soldiers, harshly exploring the training and punishment soldiers receive before war. Ultimately, these three texts explore the lack of honour and worthless punishment that soldiers experience constantly in war, depicting war as a place of hatred and sin. In Owen’s poem â€Å"Anthem† he removes the common Romantic concepts of glory and triumph that were associated with war from the early 20th century and realistically explores the truly unpatriotic nature of the battlefield. His ideals contrasted the Romantic ideals of glory as well as the government and the media who exhibited war as valiant and fitting for the youth of the early 20th century. Instantly, Owen’s title of the poem contradicts the reader’s belief in the common war values where he pairs the terms â€Å"Anthem† and â€Å"Doomed Youth† juxtaposing with a gloomy and depressing description of the youth in war. Owen then compares the youth who â€Å"died as cattle† to an abattoir by using metaphor, emphasising the sheer amount of death that occurs on the battlefield, also suggesting that the youth are indiscriminately dying with no justification. Likewise, Owen uses juxtaposition to describe the sounds of war, in which he subverts the calming sound of â€Å"choirs† and depicts them as â€Å"demented†, illuminating the sound of screaming comrades in war and enhancing his anti-heroic view. Thus, Owen through his poem â€Å"Anthem† dishonours the common concepts of glory and triumph, and replaces them with â€Å"mockeries† of the dying youth in war, ultimately suggesting war unheroic and the soldiers deaths unglorified. On the contrary, Stanley Kubrick’s war film â€Å"FMJ† explores the internal and meaningless punishment that soldiers experience whilst training to become a soldier, aggressively depicting the raining as harsh and suicidal. Directed in 1979, Steven Kubrick’s position on war was neither affirmative nor negative and simply stated he was concerned with â€Å"the way things are†, thus forcefully depicting the disciplinary discrepancies of the Americans in Vietna m. The opening montage of the camera focused on the soldier’s heads being shaved depicts the blank expressionless faces of the soldiers and shows the identity loss of the soldiers in war, illustrating their inconsequential individuality. Kubrick uses harsh and explicit dialogue to stress how even though war is â€Å"fair† everyone participating is â€Å"equally worthless†, again punishing the soldiers for their racial background and individuality. Likewise, in the final scene of the introductory sequence before the war, Kubrick displays the suicidal aspect of the meaningless punishment, where Private Pile† explains that even though there is war going on in Vietnam, he is in a â€Å"world of shit† after the punishment from the senior officers. This harsh portrayal of pre-war training explains Kubrick’s view that internally war can be as detrimental as it is on the battlefield. Correspondingly, Owen aims to eradicate all romantic feelings in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and instead represent war as a sinful and devilish practice. The ironic titling of the poem initially subverts any sense of patriotism and glory associated with war, and condemns the romanticised portrayals of war that the government and the media have created. By deliberately subverting the heroic Latin phrase through the bleak ideas in his poem, Owen depicts the title as an â€Å"old lie† where he suggests that glorification and bravery in war is undermined by the fallacies of the government and the media. In addition, his use of metaphor in the first stanza exemplifies the mechanised and fatigued state of the soldiers in war, where the soldiers â€Å"marched asleep† from the endless punishment and futility of war. Owen indicates here exactly how â€Å"lame† the soldiers were with the pain and suffering of war, illuminating the punishment and empty nationalism he attempts to portray. Furthermore, the graphic imagery of the sinfulness and devilish nature of war used in the third stanza highlights the devilish and sinful representation, by comparing a comrade to a â€Å"devil sick of sin†. Owen here evaluates war as a whole, as a place where even the devil can no longer handle the horrid pain and meaningless suffering. This powerful imagery removes the Romantic ideals of patriotism substituting them with a morbid depiction of â€Å"choking† with sin. Thus, Owen eradicates the glory and valour that had been associated with war literature in the 20th Century and indicts war as a fallacy to children who are â€Å"desperate† for honour. Ultimately, Owen aims to challenge all feelings of glory and heroism that are commonly associated with war and shift these concepts to a historic fallacy where sinful and devilish behaviour arises. Alternately, Kubrick strives to explore both the harsh and unforgiving nature of the battlefield and the meaningless punishment experienced internally in the U. S Marine Corps, where even the pre-war training results in the suicide of a soldier. Each text explains the horror and meaningless punishment as a constant and predictable outcome, as wells as the horrifying and sinful behaviour that soldiers experience, however Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† more effectively depicts the unpredictability of war by emphasising how disgusting war is, promoting it as foreign to any kind of valour and partisanship.

Life and Music

Music is as diverse as the people listening to its many different genres. My wife and I are just two of the millions of people around the world who listen to music almost everyday. However, my wife and I have a lot of differences when it comes to music although I can say that we share the same passion for it ever since when we were still at a young age. For my part, learning music was at first an academic task because it was part of a class that I had to take during my earlier days in school. There was simply no chance for me to enjoy music as people should.When I was ten years old, I bought my first AM transistor from my classmate. It was the first time in my life when I got the chance to enjoy the music of the Beatles and other bands playing country music at the time. That moment in my life opened the windows of my imagination inasmuch as it sparked a great deal of musical interest on my part. From then on, I simply just could not have enough of music and I was stuck with the pleas ure of listening to tunes over the radio. My wife has a strong cultural influence coming from the Philippines because she, too, is a Filipino.I recall my wife telling me that she always watched â€Å"An Evening with Pilita Corales† together with her parents when she was still young. Pilita Corales is considered as the Queen of â€Å"Kundiman†Ã¢â‚¬â€traditional love songs written and sung in Filipino language—in the Philippines. If my wife was fond of watching that show way back then, I was fond of watching â€Å"Lawrence Welk† on the television together with my father and mother. Apparently, our differences in our earliest exposures to music hold one reason why my wife and I still have differences today in terms of music.It is interesting to know that despite the fact that my wife lived in a country that is perhaps one of the most culturally rich countries in the world, she enjoyed spending time in the playground than doing folk dances which often involv ed materials that were indigenously available. Those dances, as she recounted, were always played to the rhythm of local music which, at that time in her life, never seemed important to her. She was too young in fact that she found it more fun to play in the school’s playground than to spend some of her idle time listening to local music and performing local dances.I had the same experience when I was still as young as my wife during her childhood days. The only difference, perhaps, was that I was doubly busy or I had a tougher time at school for I did not only have to learn English but I also had to study music as part of the school curriculum. I had to catch up with my school work and so I barely had the time to realize the pleasure of listening to music and enjoying what it had to offer beyond sensory experience. Today, things have changed a lot—and for the better. Fortunately, my wife and I soon learned and appreciated music in our lives.In fact, my wife and I bega n to watch musical plays like â€Å"Annie†, â€Å"The Lion King†, â€Å"Blue Man Group†, â€Å"Tarzan†, â€Å"Mama Mia† and â€Å"Miss Saigon† soon after we got married. Perhaps it was the moment in our lives when we realized that we shared one thing in common after all—the love for music. Each time we are able to watch a musical play, we always love the live performance due to the outpouring emotions that one can feel before a stage of actors and actresses giving justice to a number of different melodies and rhythms that can not be easily heard beyond every performance night.Max Weber understood music as â€Å"a deeply meaningful part of a society’s culture† (Turley, 2001, p. 635), which is perhaps why sooner or later people will begin to realize the importance or the role of music in their lives, regardless of whether or not the music they are listening to is indigenous or foreign. That being the case, it is easy to se e why people can relate music; music touches our inner soul and reaches for the depths of our being that we oftentimes find difficult to express, let alone reach.For me, music helps us remember a lot of things simply because music holds memories. As I see it, music expresses feelings even if there are no words to it and it also raises our level of thinking about freedom. Howard Gardner even categorized our abilities to appreciate and even produce music as part of multiple human intelligences (Pfeifer & Scheier, 1999), which makes sense to say that it is crucial for human beings to have an ear for music. Doing so can broaden our mental horizons and enable us to appreciate life even more.While my wife enjoys listening to the music of the Monkees, Carpenters, Beatles and Michael Jackson as much as I do, I still try to go beyond the sheer pleasure of listening to their music. I teach art and I try to incorporate music into my profession. As much as possible, I try to play music whenever I have my art class so that my students will be able to express their feelings more whenever they hold their brushes and begin painting images with beautiful colors. The way I see it, music is so strong it can evoke our inner feelings and give us the inspiration to make stunning artworks.Because music can stir our emotions and our memories, music can push art students and artists to greater lengths. In general, music helps people unlock the rarely touched parts of their being (Grant, 2003, p. 173). I cannot imagine my life and my wife’s life without music as it has already been an integral part of who we are. Music helps my wife and I remember a lot of things about our past and our culture. It also helps us appreciate our lives and our marriage better each day without having the need to force ourselves to listen to music.

Cloud Computing Research

The world revolves around money. Why pay more for less or why would you pay for something that you don’t need. In this research essay I will explore the Cloud Services community. I will explain what important services to have are and which type of cloud services you should have for the size of the company you are running or plan to run. The basic criteria people need to know about cloud services and what they offer is the most important. First and most importantly is the price. Others are storage space you allowed to have, reliability, features, upload speed, ease of use. These will be the premise of using to find out what service would be best for you. The first cloud provider chosen to look at is Amazon. Amazon EC2’s simple web service interface allows you to obtain and configure capacity with minimal friction. It provides you with complete control of your computing resources and lets you run on Amazon’s proven computing environment. Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity, both up and down, as your computing requirements change. Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity that you actually use. Amazon EC2 provides developers the tools to build failure resilient applications and isolate themselves from common failure scenarios (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ). Next we are going to look at Google cloud service. Google offers seamless integration with current Google products is one of the best features that are being offered. There may also be the ability to connect to future Google software for movies and music. The features of other Google products are very helpful. Those would include Google Maps, Docs, Google Search and Gmail. There are lots of other products that Google has developed and released for free, but lately they have been shutting down some of those projects to focus on other areas of the business. One exciting feature of Drive is the optical character recognition technology they have added. That means that customers will be able to scan images of text and the system can convert it over to digital text. It can also be used for image recognition so that every time you search for a word in your files or on the internet, images you have uploaded will be included in those search results. The initial 5GB are free and possibly will be ad funded. Then they are offering a 25GB and 50GB plan with monthly pricing. We will update our review as soon as we know more. Though, we have heard that 1TB will cost around $49. 99 a month (The Ten best Cloud Storage). Next we are going to look at Rackspace. The Rackspace Cloud is a growing set of Cloud-related products and services billed on a utility computing basis, including web application hosting/cloud platform (â€Å"Cloud Sites†), cloud storage (â€Å"Cloud Files†), VPS/Virtual private server (â€Å"Cloud Servers†), Cloud Load Balancers, Cloud Databases, Cloud Backup, Cloud Monitoring, and more. The Rackspace Cloud was one of the first commercial cloud computing services (Rackspace Cloud). So given the basic information above we are going to find out what is best for the consumer. Are you a large Fortune 500 company or are you a startup company looking for space where you wouldn’t have to buy a server and all the necessary equipment to run an IT department. For large companies you should stick with a provider that is not going any place soon and this is Google. Google is a very large company that can offer a lot of space and resources for your company to run. If you are a smaller company and looking to keep your budget down then Rackspace would be the way to go. Now if you are the one that loves to take pictures and have them uploaded then either Google or Amazon would be the way to go for you. Whatever your case may be this will help you in determining what cloud service you may want.

Self Reflective Course Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Reflective Course Concept - Essay Example A brief recap on the old concept of business that dictates the main essence of establishing a business is to maximize profits. These old concept discouraged organizations against social responsibility as the accountability of the social responsibility on the part of the organizational profit could not be viewed. It is on these basis that the new concept of business was entailed which necessitated that the business carries out its activities, becomes socially responsible and maintains its customers. This was a crucial aspect for various business ventures as most of them sustained the business venture with confidentiality and loyalty from their customers. The aspect of Social responsibility can never be over-emphasized in any organization. Sir Immanuel Kant a deontologist suggested that in order for people to act morally they must act from positions of duty. He also added that it is not the various action consequences that make them either right or wrong, but the intensions or rather motives of the person carrying them. Deontological ethics refers to the ethical normative stance that determines how moral an action on the adherence of the rule and finally rules. To the business organization morals are determined by what is generally right. Aspects of giving consumers the right product quantity, disclosing enough information about the various goods and services, giving quality products are all issues covered in deontological ethics. Teleological ethics touches on morality that dictates the moral obligations and duties and distinguishes it from what is desirable or good. Ethical egoism can generally be referred to as the position accorded to the agents of morals. Those at positions that necessitates their exercise of morals. These are determined by what is in their own self interest. Their relationship to business ethics is that they all contribute to the topic on ethics and guide the ethical profession Teleological ethics touches on

Cash Management Techniques Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash Management Techniques - Case Study Example 1. The company usually creates realistic cash flow budgets for both short term and long term. This helps the company to critically analyze the management policies of their cash and also pass recommendations to improve their current strategies. Competition- A company business environment plays a critical role in determining the credit policies that the company will adopt. The practices being carried out by other players in the industry will be a deterministic factor as well. In a relative competitive business environment, a high degree of importance is usually emphasized in regard to credit availability. The reason behind this is to ensure that the company remains competitive since it will be an attraction to clients. Even when the industry is not competitive enough, a company can use credit availability as a tool to be more competitive ( Cooper, 2004). Customer type-The type of customers that a company interacts with will be critical in deterministic of the policies the company will adopt. In situations whereby the clients of the company are characterised with short capital it is unlikely the company will adopt policies that will increase credit availability ( Albrecht, Stice, & Stice, 2010). Profit margin- the profit margin from goods or services provided by the company is a critical deterministic aspect of the credit policies a company will implement. If the profit margins are slim, then the credit department needs to be careful about the policies they adopt. On the other end, high profit margins are more tolerant to risks associated with credit, thus allowing more flexible and ease policies ( Albrecht, Stice, & Stice, 2010). The government regulations - government might set specific credit regulations in order to govern the sale of specific commodities for example alcohol. Therefore, companies should select credit policies that are in line with government regulations. Short term financial

Federalism and the Exercise of National Power Coursework

Federalism and the Exercise of National Power - Coursework Example Similarly, regulating the use of marijuana is not spelled under the commerce clause. Taking away homegrown marijuana is a way of controlling its consumption. There is no law in the US constitution, which gives federal government powers to invoke cultivation of marijuana without explanation (Pierre, 2011). Therefore, Commerce Clause or other clauses do not grant the federal powers to regulate the use of marijuana. The federal system overstepped its mandate to ban marijuana. This is so because the 10th Amendments state that the people have a say on powers that the constitution does not delegate to the United States (Pierre, 2011). Thus, the cultivation of marijuana is not spelled in the constitution leaving the decision to lie with the individuals and the state. Similarly, growing marijuana for medical purposes is allowed as long as it is not for commercial purpose under Commerce Clause. Moreover, the federal government has powers to regulate interstate commerce under Article 1, Section 8 of US constitution (Pierre, 2011). However, this does not mean they have powers to control anything associated with interstate commerce. The woman who grew marijuana was an exception because there was no evidence of participation in interstate

Representation of Women in Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Representation of Women in Media - Essay Example This follows a keen observation of how women and men are portrayed in most movies and music videos. The part that women have been known to play in such movies often portrays them as sexual objects. There has been a widespread debate concerning the kinds of costumes that both men and women play, in most videos and erotic films, their male counterparts, who have been cited as merely taking advantage of those women, usually use them as baits for sexual activities. In most of the music videos and erotic films, women play a very passive role; their male counterparts often dictate them. Women are usually presented as weak characters and have to play their part in order to please men (Akinfeleye & Amobi 2011, p. 5-6). When people watch these movies, it has been discovered that they are largely influenced by the experiences they saw, something that has led to increased cases of sexual violence and other forms of aggression to women by male people. For this films and music videos to make sense to people who make them, women have to be dressed in a manner that is scanty and very revealing. On the other hand, the male has always been seen as being formal and well dressed, something that has raised an issue about the aspect of such passivity and submission. Most of the feminist discussions have criticized this kind of portrayal of women as a sex object rather than important and valuable members of the society just like men. Over time, the role of the mass media as a reliable and essential agent of socialization has attracted several criticisms from different segments of our contemporary society (Baran, & Davis 2012, p. 100). The images that are usually aired in mass media about music videos, erotic films and other kinds of programs have been said to change people’s perceptions about social realities, this is according to the observations from social psychologists. According to these propositions, these images are believed to play an essential role towards stimulating certain kinds of behaviors that are highly undesirable (Marnie et al. 2005, p. 67).

Two Works Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Works Response - Assignment Example This discussion talks that  starting with the Campbell Soup cans, Andy started his artwork on these cans by painting them. He borrowed this idea from Muriel Latow, who was an interior designer since this cans were familiar with the people thus he was supposed to paint the objects that people saw every day. He did some artwork on this cans first by created an image which he repeatedly traced   so as to enhance a two-dimensional graphic aesthetic. He further made two types of the Campbell soup cans whereby he employed visual differentiation to show the difference between the two. This was in terms of portraits were of the first type was the â€Å"Monchengladbach type† having an illustrated image. The other type was â€Å"Virus type† which had a log on the envelope of the soup company.  This paper discusses that  Roy’s work as a pop artist with a majority of his initial works varying in style and subject with enhanced display of increased understanding of mo dern painting. His important art came with the drowning girl. The source of the image had been the boyfriend of the woman standing on a boat that was above her. His interests traversed both the subject matter as well as the qualities of images that were abstract. The high impact of the iconic images he created has synonymously involved cropping images in creating new compositions.  Lichtenstein further involved condensing text from the comic book panels portraying language as a vital visual element.

Choose a character from The Dressmaker of Khair Khana and explain how Essay

Choose a character from The Dressmaker of Khair Khana and explain how the character faces oppression and overcomes it to become - Essay Example The punishment meted out for going against these rules was unthinkable. Such women, who faltered, were arrested, stoned or beaten to death in public. Kamila Siddiqi, an average Afghan woman, confronts life with great hope and determination as she sets out to carve out a successful business in order to support her family, and in doing so, she successfully overcomes brutal oppression at the hands of the Talibans. ‘The Dressmaker of Khair Khana’ by Gayle Lemmon, gives us a bird’s eye view of Afghanistan that is quite different from what we know of it so far. According to archaeological evidence, Alexander the Great had defeated the Achaemenian Dynasty between 330 – 327 B.C. during the Pre-Islamic Period and, thus, ushered in an era of Greek culture. However, by 637 B.C. the Arab Muslims started conquering the tribes in Afghanistan in a long drawn out process and introduced them to the Islam religion. By the 10th century, the Arab Abbasid Dynasty and the Samani ds, who were the successors of the aforementioned dynasty in Central Asia, were torn down. Therefore, the Ghaznavid Dynasty, which was the offshoot of the Samanids, was established and became the first major Islamic dynasty to rule Afghanistan. Once again, Genghis Khan who was the leader of the Mongol forces, defeated them in Central Asia in 1220, and left Afghanistan fragmented, till Timur succeeded and took over the country during the 1380’s. The Mongol Empire that was already there was further expanded by Timur during his rule (Nations Online Project, n.p.). Till the early 16th century, the descendants of Timur ruled Afghanistan. In 1919, after the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, that brought to a close the Third Anglo- Afghan War, Afghanistan got its independence and became an independent country. However, the Guerrilla Wars that occurred between 1979 and 1989, killed thousands of people, devastated the land and left about 5 to 6 million homeless. Once again in 1992, a Civil War broke out because the government could not settle their differences with the Mujahideen and this further served to drag down the economy and make it even worse. This resulted in a struggle between the various armed groups and finally, one of the Islamic fundamentalist groups, the Taliban emerged victorious and took control of the country in 1996 and it was the Taliban that gave permission to the Al Qaeda, an Arab terrorist Organization to make use of Afghanistan as their base. The Taliban made use of an extremist interpretation of Islam to suppress and control the country and hence terrorist activities were rampant. The Taliban ruled with an iron fist and the people were not free to do as they wished. Especially for women, the depth of female deprivation and torture knew no bounds because the Talibans treated women even worse than animals. Their rules put endless restriction on women and the foremost of them was the ban on women working outside the house. Women were als o not allowed to carry out outside the home activities without a male chaperon. They were not allowed education in any school or university and were forced to wear a burqa that covered them from head to toe. They were banned from dealing with male shopkeepers and were not to be treated by male doctors. Women were not allowed to use cosmetics or paint their nails. Women found going against the Taliban rules, were stoned, whipped and beaten in public. Sometimes they were shot in public at point blank range. In such a dangerous

Article Errors among Japanese Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Errors among Japanese Students - Essay Example It is relatable that the English articles 'a', 'an', 'zero', and 'the' often raise difficulty not to ESL/EFL learners alone, but even to learners of English as a first language. It is often found that the articles are a source of difficulty to learners as well as teachers of English as a second/foreign language and it is especially true about learners whose native languages do not have articles or do have articles or article-like morphemes which are used in ways that differ from English articles. An analysis of the morpheme acquisition by the learners of English as a foreign language confirms this difficulty with regard to the acquisition of English articles and it was found in a study by Brown (1973) that the articles 'a' and 'the' came at numbers nine and ten in the acquisition of fourteen morphemes. ... al errors in the use of indefinite articles and a focused study on the Japanese lower-intermediate tertiary level learners, as attempted in this paper, brings out some pertinent issues in the use of articles by EFL learners. One of the most obvious difficulties in the learning of English by the lower-intermediate tertiary level learners of Japan is the use of articles and an understanding of the language situation in the country provides the significant explanation for the type of difficulty with the use of articles. An important reason for the problems with the use of articles in Japanese context can be traced in the structure of the Japanese language along with other reasons. The Japanese students find it hard to follow the rules for the use of the article in English which are very complex. To explain the problem in linguistic terms, it will be particularly noted that there is no provision for the use of articles in the Japanese language. The absence of the article in Japanese raises serious trouble to the learners of English, especially in the early stages of EFL as in the case of the lower-intermediate tertiary level learners of Japan. It is also relatable in this context that Japanese language does not differentiate between singular and plural noun forms in grammar except in a few specific cases. This problem with regard to the concept of countability in grammar for the Japanese speakers also causes difficulty especially to the novice learners of English in the learning of English indefinite articles. The result of all these language differences in the use of articles is that the teacher of English in the lower-intermediate tertiary level introduces the articles to the learners as a totally new type of word and there is serious difficulty in the teaching of the

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk Driving Essay Driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated, drunken driving, drunk driving, drink driving, operating under the influence, drinking and driving, or impaired driving is the act of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol in excess of a legal limit . Similar regulations cover driving or operating certain types of machinery while affected by drinking alcohol or taking other drugs, including, but not limited to prescription drugs. This is a criminal offense in most countries. Convictions do not necessarily involve actual driving of the vehicle. In most jurisdictions a measurement such as a blood alcohol content in excess of a specific threshold level, such as 0.05% or 0.08% defines the offense, with no need to prove impairment or being under the influence of alcohol. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher level e.g. 0.12%. In most countries, anyone who is convicted of injuring or killing someone while under the influence of alcohol or drugs can be heavily fined, as in France, in addition to being given a lengthy prison sentence. Some jobs have their own rules and BAC limits, for example commercial pilot, and the Federal Railroad Administration has a 0.04% limit for train crew. Some jurisdictions have multiple levels of BAC; for example, the state of California has a 0.08% BAC limit, which is lowered to 0.04% if the operator holds a commercial drivers license. The California BAC limit is 0.01% for those younger than 21 years of age and those on probation for a previous DUI conviction. Some large corporations have their own rules; Union Pacific Railroad has their own BAC limit of 0.02% that, if violated during a random test or a for-cause test — for example, after a traffic accident — can result in termination of employment with no chance of future re-hire. Many states in the U.S. and provinces in Canada have adopted truth in sentencing laws that enforce strict guidelines on sentencing, differing from previous practice where prison time was reduced or suspended after sentencing had been issued. Some jurisdictions have judicial guidelines requiring a mandatory minimum sentence. The specific criminal offense may be called, depending on the jurisdiction, driving under the influence, driving under intense influence, driving while intoxicated, operating under the influence operating while intoxicated, operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, driving under the combined influence of alcohol and/or other drugs, driving under the influence per se or drunk in charge . Many such laws apply also to motorcycling, boating, piloting aircraft, use of motile farm equipment such as tractors and combines, riding horses or driving a horse-drawn vehicle, or bicycling, possibly with different BAC level than driving. In some jurisdictions there are separate charges depending on the vehicle used, such as BWI, which may carry a lighter sentence. In the United States, local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1996, compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983. In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DWI offenders were in prison or jail, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986. Blood alcohol level With the advent of a scientific test for blood alcohol content, enforcement regimes moved to pinning culpability for the offense to strict liability based on driving while having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol, although this does not preclude the simultaneous existence of the older subjective tests. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight. Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown in the illustration. BAC does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille measurement, which is equal to ten times the percentage value, is used in Nor way, Sweden and Finland. The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized. Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some it is illegal for an open container of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. Drivers have been convicted even when they were not observed driving if it could be safely concluded they had been driving while intoxicated. Within the American system, citation for driving under the influence also causes a major spike in car insurance premiums – 94.1% in the first year, and still 63.5% higher by the third year. The German model serves to reduce the number of accidents by identifying unfit drivers and removing them from until their fitness to drive has been established again. The Medical Psychological Assessment works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender. George Smith, a London taxi driver, was the first person to be convicted of drunk driving, on 10 September 1897. He was fined 25 shillings, which is equivalent to  £71.33 in 2005 pounds. Field sobriety testing Historically, guilt was established by observed driving symptoms, such as weaving; administering field sobriety tests, such as a walking a straight line heel-to-toe or standing on one leg for 30 seconds; and the arresting officers subjective opinion of impairment. The officer must correctly perform the Field Sobriety Tests that are approved by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration . The US Department of Transportation explains the Field Sobriety Test as, a battery of three tests administered and evaluated in a standardized manner to obtain validated indicators of impairment and establish probable cause for arrest. Starting with the introduction in Norway in 1936 of the world’s first per se law which made it an offense to drive with more than a specified amount of alcohol in the body, objective chemical tests have gradually supplanted the earlier purely judgmental ones. Limits for chemical tests are specific for blood alcohol concentration or concentration of alcohol in breath. Drunk driving law by country The laws relating to drunk driving vary between countries and varying blood alcohol content is allowed before a conviction is made. Comparison with cell phone use Studies show that cell phone use is comparable to driving while intoxicated in rate of increase of likelihood of causing an accident, yet is not even illegal in many locations. This comparison has led users of alcohol to question why DWI should be illegal, and others to consider making cell phone use while driving illegal. The penalties where this is done are never commensurate with the penalties for DWI. Texting while driving is very dangerous, as it takes eyes off the road for an average 4.6 seconds at a time. When laws against drunk driving were implemented in the United States in 2000, fatalities due to drunk driving increased, as was predicted by opponents.

Culturally Inclusive Classrooms Essay Example for Free

Culturally Inclusive Classrooms Essay How to build culturally inclusive and resilient ELEMENTARY classrooms and what types of supports are in communities that can facilitate student efforts to overcome cultural gaps in the home and in the school (elementary/secondary school level) A culturally inclusive classroom may consist of extremely diverse ethnic composition of students. With new immigration, more and more students are entering school, with little or no knowledge of English and have diverse educational and cultural backgrounds. A recent study on 400 school children in California shows that only 4% of enrolled children come from a single racial group (Chang, 1993). This has resulted in making of classrooms that have students coming from various nationalities, languages, social and economic backgrounds. The growing diversity is not only a problem to the teachers who are not adequately equipped to handle them, but also to parents, who are not sure whether the child’s adaptation will help him or alienate him from his community. Efforts are made to give prominence to the learning of the children with diverse backgrounds. Anti-bias curricula, use of home language and culture of the child, is recommended by National Assessment for Education of Young children, to foster learning of English and basic skills. It aims to make the first school experience a positive one. The forum on the Future of Children and Families held a workshop in 1993 in order to frame a sketch, to assess the scope of adequacy of research in early education of culturally diverse children. It tried to assess the most important factors in the early childhood education of a diverse group of students. Efforts were made to understand the influence of culture on human development and emphasis was laid on examining differences within culture and outside culture. Claude Goldenberg warned against treatment of culture as ‘straitjacket that predetermines the learning experience that children benefit from’ ( Goldenberg . C. 1987). It was observed and accepted that exposure at home influenced the adaptation of the children to school norms and environment. The workshop structured three questions that came up as a result of in depth study. These were- †¢ What role was played by the culture and home experience in shaping learning opportunities? †¢ How the cultural and linguistic background of children affects the knowledge skills and expectations they bring with them? †¢ How should the nature of instruction vary with learning and motivation from various backgrounds? A child has to learn the rules of two environments home and school from his pre school days i. e. , age of 3-4 years. Children who face a language and culture thoroughly different at home and school face a lot of conflicts about behavior which might result in incompatibility. Researchers have found that inconsistency in home and school make learning difficult and adjustments uneasy. The children who do not have some insightful understanding of alphabets and numbers are likely to be left behind in class. Sharon, Griffin and her colleagues (Case and Griffin, 1990, Griffin, Case and Siegler 1992) noticed striking difference in the understanding of maths in low income groups. Claude Goldenberg his colleagues designed an intervention to improve the early literacy achievement of Spanish speaking children in Kindergarten. Timothy Shanahan and his colleagues designed the FLAME project to enable parents with limited expertise in Spanish to improve literacy achievements of their children. Both the projects on evaluation showed significant positive effects on the children’s literacy achievement, Goldenberg reported that control group which received structured instructions outperformed those with informal intervention. Research shows that guided learning at home can effect children’s adjustment in classrooms. Children who remain unaware of such guidance become incompatible in learning, may retreat from learning and even become disruptive. It also showed that there was no proof to suggest that children are constrained by culture in their learning abilities. Social Setting of learning constituted teaching, learning and performance. Research with Hawaiian families showed that ( Gallimore, Boggs and Jordan, 1974) children were accustomed to learning in peer interactions and indirect supervision from teachers exhibited a decline in disruptive and inattentive behavior. Classrooms fostering independent learning seemed alien to these students. Study made on Navajo children (Vogl, Jordan and Tharp , 1987) brought in the fact that peer group study was less prevalent in this culture. Effective classrooms brought out best performance when the children were allowed to work independently- as they did in their communities. Culture shapes conversations and paces response patterns. Pueblo Indian children give more elaborate responses and have spontaneous participation when given enough response time. (Winterton, 1977). Native Hawaiian students when given long waiting time are inhibited in participation. (White Tharp, 1988). Claude Goldenberg found that children learn in accustomed way of entering into a speech- guided by their culture. Latino –American students corroborated this experience, whose mothers use highly directive pattern of communication. Research evidence points to the fact that certain amount of compatibility between home and school culture is required to improve classroom activities. Goldenberg says â€Å"with the exception of same studies of cooperative learning and bilingual education, the experimental evidence linking cultural compatible instructions scholastic outcome can be very tenuous†. Constancy in school environment may not be always wanted. Yet some parents seek it so that the child is exposed to different educational experiences. For a child, the process of adjustment to varied environment at school and home may prove beneficial in future years of schooling and multicultural environment. Differences in the two environments may compliment and reinforce their learning. A culturally inclusive environment requires mutual respect, effective relationships, clear communication, explicit understandings about expectations and critical self –reflection. (Flinders University). In a culturally inclusive environment a student will be allowed to express his opinion freely, participate in classroom’s activities, experience stress free classes with no fear of unfair treatment or abuse. It also facilitates that teachers are approachable and open to concepts and ideas from different culture, allow diversity and promote a relaxed setting of learning. When teaching students from diverse background, a teacher needs to plan out his instruction with attention and care, with skills and strategies, specialized with an array of educational aids and materials. He has to keep in mind certain facts about his students, their experience in school, home and outside school and design the curriculum in accordance with their exposure. It should also be guided by the strengths and weaknesses of their experience. Teachers need to connect to the experience of his students. Reading about flowers, fruits, animals children are not familiar with in their culture or may not have been exposed to, makes it meaning less for the child. Readings to build vocabulary and comprehension are meaningful, when the child can connect to it. He also understands that his views are being respected, making him feel secure . Children are intelligent to sense if the support for diverse culture is superficial or genuine. Ysseldyke, Algozzine Thurlow point out that a teacher needs to ask himself if the curriculum is tailored to the interest of the student, are the study materials used in any way reflective of cultural or ethnic diversity. He also needs to be aware of the learning styles adapted by his students. The curriculum needs to be complete and accurate and have materials for all the students. It should avoid being symbolic and should not make the underrepresented group feel ‘the other’. Check should be made to see that the curriculum does not discriminate. Teaching materials used should be unbiased and un-oppressive (male centric, race centric etc). The content must explore a large angle of variety, be accurate and complete. Students need to be made aware about the issues of social justice. Lessons on racism, sexism, classism and other forms of oppression need to be facilitated and discussed in class, to enhance the awareness. In the assessment student feedback should be encouraged. Teachers should work with each other and critically appreciate each others work . Teachers could introduce various awareness activities in the class. Participants can introduce themselves and share their ethnicity, similarities and diversities with other members of the group Students may be encouraged to speak on their multi-cultural experiences . Some activities may include students sharing their identity through a poem. Sharing experiences of prejudices or discrimination as a sufferer or doer, personal experience of gender-bias may be discussed. Students can be encouraged to relate aspects of their personality, identity. Feeling of inclusion or exclusion in a learning process and multicultural awareness quiz etc may be conducted. A model developed by Australian Ministries of Education, aimed at education of educational equality of indigenous people, focused on three areas- community, school and classroom. Parents, Teachers, care givers, and previous school needed to be involved in a common understanding and adopting new approach to teaching of students from multicultural backgrounds. Strong partnerships between school and homemakers made the study supportive. School officials had the duty to look after and assist each student in the development of essential skills and attitude of the students to work independently, cooperatively and responsibly. The programs monitoring and assessment provided vital clues to the future direction of the curriculum. It stated the importance of assessment made as a joint effort between students, parents and community members who provide important input in the assessment. The data collected by various workshops and research points out to the fact that there is more room for study to be made on improvising culturally inclusive schools, classrooms. Very few teachers are trained and equipped to handle such diverse culture classes. Coordination between community and schools are wanted, to make a complete, homogeneous education to students from diverse cultural background. . References Case, R. , and S. Griffin 1990 Child cognitive development: The role of central conceptual structures in the development of scientific and social thought. In C-A. Hauert ed. , Developmental Psychology: Cognitive, Perceptuo-Motor and Psychological Perspectives. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. Chang, H. 1993 Affirming Childrens Roots: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Early Care and Education. San Francisco, Calif. : California Tomorrow. Gallimore, R. , J. W. Boggs, and C. Jordan 1974 Culture, Behavior, and Education: A Study of Hawaiian-Americans. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Sage. Goldenberg, C. 1987 Low-income Hispanic parents contributions to their first-grade childrens word-recognition skills. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 18:149-179. In press. Promoting early literacy development among Spanish-speaking children: Lessons from two studies. In E. Hiebert, ed. , Teaching Children to Read: The State of Early Interventions. Boston, Mass. : Allyn Bacon Griffin, S. , R. Case, and R. Siegler 1992 Rightstart: Providing the Central Conceptual Prerequisites for First Formal Learning of Arithmetic to Students at Risk for School Failure. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Education, Clark University. Howard Weiner, Adelphi University, Garden city, New York, Culturally Insulated Students : Assessing the Diversity Disposition Cap in a Predominantly White University with a New Instrument, the Culturally Responsive Educator Test. Journal of Authentic Learning, Volume 2, Number 1, September 2005. National Association for the Education of Young Children 1989 The Anti-bias Curriculum: Tools for Empowering Young Children. Washington, D. C. : National Association for the Education of Young Children. National Association for Family Day Care 1990 Helping Children Love Themselves and Others: A Professional Handbook for Family Day Care Providers. Washington, D. C. : National Association for Family Day Care.

Project Management: Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony

Project Management: Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony 1. Executive Summary The project plan is for the the forth coming Common wealth games scheduled to be held during the months of July August in 2014, in Glasgow. The official handing over will take place on the 14th of October 2010,when Delhi in India will handover officially to the city of Glasgow in Scotland, thus appointing Scotland as the Host country for the 2014 Common Wealth Games. It is to be noted that this event will be the largest multisport event ever to be held in Scotland Thus this report includes only of the opening ceremonys Schedule plan, resource allocation and the cost to be effect. 2. Project Introduction scope The recent growth of multi sports as an industry around the world means that the management can no longer be commercials. Events such as the commonwealth games, have a large impact on their communities and, in some cases, the whole country. Thus it is a must to keep in mind throughout the planning process that this is the first time the country is hosting such and event and it shall have an impact to the country. This is a service based scheduling project according to that the initial concern which I will propose will have the following scope which is needed to be completed to be successful in this events opening ceremony. Events Prepare the Events list Find the Human resource by events Find the Items the need in each resource (Dress, Transport and etc..) Analyze the risk and exciting of event with professionals Find the time of event execution Check the events identification (Traditional,etc) Security Check the security availability in the location need to be allocate Prepare high security zone in VIP guest Facilitate the vehicle parking Opening ceremony All task Analyzing Location Guest Prepare the chairs and audience resource Entrance and Exit point Guest area allocation Food and beverage invitation Schedule Time table Event list preparation Allocate Resource to events Allocate time to each and Every time /prepare schedule Media Invite an media Provide a food and beverage Supply the technical need (internet, power) Facilitate an location in ground area Physical resource Electricity Event Items Professional support 3. Objective To find all resource on time: Accurate time estimation is vital in project management. The two main reasons for estimating time is vital as: Time estimates drive the setting of dead lines for delivery of project and also the determination of pricing of projects and its profitability can be estimated. Thus finding all resources on time is very essential to carry on the project without delay as timing is important in an event like this as it has international criticism later on. To allocate funds according to budget Allocation of funds according to budget is a vital aspect, as it is an important tool needed in running a business in a proper manner. The allocation of funds should be done in such away that each responsible person can run the area smoothly without any interruption. To schedule all ceremony event on time without any delay Scheduling all events without a delay is very important as any delay occurring can cause disruption and run to high criticism. Prior to the main event rehersaling of the event should be done. When the rehersaling is done each aspect should be rehearsed without leaving out any event. Thus the above could be avoided. Reduce events errors Facilitate all participant to good service A specialized committee should be allocated the above task, of looking into the needs of the participants and giving them the best service. It is a must to keep in mind this is the event of the participants rather than the spectators. Allocation of physical force is a must to keep the reduction of the above. 4. Measure of Successful level and Recommendation for Each task /Plan and out comes Design/plan Execution Initiation Testing 1. Event activity design 2. Design Dress 3. Allocate the physical resource (music, Dress, Light) 4. Train the persons 5. Task allocate (Sub con) 1 proposal submission 2. Get quotation form 3rd party 3. Prepare the schedule 4. Find the resource 5. Evaluation and selection 1 .Events Activity test with time 2. Physical resource test 3. Schedule test with time 4Recovery test (Disaster) 1 Fixed the date time for each activity events 2. Fix all resource on time (physical human) 3. Execute according to tested schedule Opening Ceremony 1. Schedule monitoring and evaluating report 1 .Events Activity test Report with Reasal 2. Physical resource test Report 3. Schedule test with time test report 4. Recovery test plan (Disaster) 1 proposal Acceptance 2. Budget Approval 3. Schedule and Activity and Event Report 4. Resource Supplier report 1. Design Aspect of event and activity (Document and Demos) 2. Design Dress (Dummy) 3. Allocate the physical resource (music, Dress, Light) Demonstration 4. Train the persons plan and schedule 5. Resource plan and resource requirement 5.1 financial requirement analyses 5.1.1 Budget for the opening ceremony Overall opening ceremony should be allocated in 800 million. In Glasgow 2014 Common wealth Games committee, (Reference in: organization committee Budget allocation document) According to allocated overall budget allocation in 800 Million we will propose our proposal profitability of our plan would be quite satisfactory. 5.2.1 Variable cost breakdown and overall total This allocated budget should be dividing via the major Task event wise. This variable cost breakdown is based on the already allocated budget. Here is the variable cost breakdown: (All the values based on Millions) ÂÂ   Variable cost breakdown ÂÂ   Task/Event Actual cost Allocated cost Staff cost 100 100 Events cost 200 250 Media cost Entertainment 25 25 Security 50 55 Location Guest 10 15 Food Beverage 100 120 Transport 150 160 Total 635 755 Analyzing of the cost estimation: Here graph is explained all the variance in allocated cost and actual cost variance. 1 .Staff cost is fixed as I will explain it further in the organizational chart how the staff should be allocated in the project. After analyze I will fix the cost. 2. Event cost is variance because some creative events, equipments and rehearsal cost should vary, that the main reason to increase an additional 50 for it. 3 Media cost should be fixed. There should not be any risk for it 4. Security, food and transport cost should add some additions .because these are depended on the guest and humans to be involved their activities. Finally analyse all the expenditure additionally allocate a 120 Million for the risk factor wise. This should be variance cost for this. 5.1.3 Revenue breakdown and overall total Since the ceremony revenue is coming in as fallowing category based. Ticketing Suwannees and Advertisement Ground banners and Advertisement Sponsors Additionally in country has non profitable benefits on tourism. Total estimation is all the earnings should be 130 Million. Finally revenue should be in 175 Million. 5.2 physical requirement analyses Physical resources Allocation: Location its resource Allocation of resources will be predicted according to the requirements. Initially we analyze the location and its requirement. Location already decides and its resource should be available. Only need to identify repair and reconstruction points of it. After initial assessment all the reconstruct part and modification done by government .that mean I am not going to put its cost and allocation, Because its up to commonwealth standard achieving through the under supervisor on government and Olympic committee. Ceremony Entertainment and Events Other Ceremony entertainment and cultural and traditional events some expectation in physical equipment items, this is contributing with the one of sub contractor and service provider. Already that ceremony entertainment and event design committee proposal send to sub contractors to get quotation from them. Its basically going under the allocated budget. Because initial easements already done by entertainment and event committee. Services and Supply All other services should be contracted out to sub party. All sub contactors and their services should be evolved by physical resource evaluation committee. Food, transport, security, Entertainment an equipment supliers, electricityetc All these suppliers have to submit their proposal under evaluation committee satisfactory. Standards and Quality of services: This part should be maintained by the commonwealth country sports comate members. Their already provide the standards which have to be maintain for us. Evaluation committee evaluate all these under maintain of these standards. 5.3 Human resource requirement analysis We get divide in major in all HR resource in two categories. One is Project staff and organizing committee other one is out sauce persons who are the consult of the Events and activities. All the outsource consultants are working with us a part time. 5.3.1 Work break down structure Opening ceremony Food and Beverage Resource Events Activity Location and Ground Requirement Decoration Physical resource Furniture Traditional Dance Human resource Event items Events Actors Creative Dance Power Music items Music Dancers Water Lightning relevant Event Area special feature Ground Decorate Singers Musicians Power supplier Security Ground suppliers Designers This work break down structure should be view ad all Major activity tasks have to do in this ceremony process. This may provide a series of work brak downstrcture for planning and all implementation Events in ceremony. Each and every circumstance of the ceremony project and objectives this should be evaluated. This is providing a benchmark by which quality for the project process can be assessed and level can be successful. 6. Scheduling and Time plan 6.1 Recommended timings from October 2014 to the opening ceremony We are plan out to start as 15th of Arial 2014 in the project. We can finalize it 20 the July2014. If it can be execute 23 July 2014 to on word. Execution plan is 2 days final set up preparation .and Ready for final execution on opening ceremony on 23rd July 2014 6.1.1 Gantt chart and Key Milestone 6.1.2 Risk Analysis in Time Frame We decide to finish all the work and ready for ceremony in 1st 20 the July2014. That mean we handle finally 3days risk mitigation on the final execution. And other thing is most of the activity task going on par rally. Not depend on other task .that plan should be mitigate the time risk of the project. And other thing in Resource evaluation and physical resource allocation we get finish mid of September. Lighting, music, ground setup, activity basic set up. That is very impotent to reduce the Technical risk and the man power risk and also can mitigate the Disaster recovery in the ceremony time. 7. Task and Person allocation 7.1 Task and allocated Team Structure 7.2 Organizational Breakdown structure Project manager Supply manager Program manager HR manager Coordination manager Admin coordinator HR supply assistant Event and Activity Designer Resource finder Evaluation Committee Coordinator Service supply assistant HR coordinators Media coordinator Security Coordinator Physical resource supply assistant Project manager Food Beverage coordinator Secluded and Time maker Physical resource coordinator Additionally have a consultant on the ceremony event and activities as fawning professionals Artifact and designs Lighting Sounds Dancing and songs 8. Work procedure 8.1 Procurement management approaches The Procurement management plan should be defined to clearly identify the all task and the responsibilities for Procurement from the beginning to the end of the project .The project manager will work with the project team, contractors, supply department, and other key players to manage the Procurement activities. In order to our team structure all the managers (program, HR, Coordination and supply) responsible for their department wise activities to beginning to end of this project. Every department should be submitting their request as fallowing format. Supply manager have to be responsible to check with purchasing for each and every Items and service. Item/Service justification needed by/ date ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Authorized to approve purchases for the project team: Project manager : warnapriya wijesundara Supply Manager : Lasantha balasuriya Purchasing officer : nalin weerasingha 8.2 Contractors and subcontractors managing Then first step in the contract approval process is to determine what items or services will require Procurement from outside. Then each and every department managers need to request what are they need service and items from project manager. Manager will evaluate it with an head of department managers and suplymanager the call to get quotation from out side vendors. And also need to finalize this with evaluation committee members with Olympic committee member in commonwealth. Vendors must have as fallows: Before start all the contractors should be need to register in the government ministry of import and export and construction in Scotland. Vendors have to submit their proposal include their service, cost and Items and their history of customers. All the Item and service need to up to evaluation committee standard. 8.3 Standard of maintain sub contractors Evaluation for Each project This section will explain the evaluation for the each and every service with vendors. Based on the following decision criteria Procurement manager, project manager, Purchasing manager and the international committee member evaluate all service and Items: Here is the area as we get evaluate: Ability of the vendor to provide all items by the required delivery date Quality Cost Expected delivery date Comparison of outsourced cost versus in-sourcing Past performance 9. Conclusion To conclude this proposal this project based on organizing the opening ceremony on Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games we will estimate all based on as initially 800 Million Dollars. After revenue analyzing we will think to take a 135 Million. As our suggestion is it can be done 755 Million. Our risk factor is 120 Million. The 120 Million is vary on the Glasgow 2014 Common wealth Games evaluation committee suggestion and request. This shows that the ratio of profitability of our plan would be quite satisfactory.

puddnhead wilson :: essays research papers

This section is the heart of both the farce and the tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson. The action is fast-paced, often absurd, and accompanied by convoluted plot twists. Yet it is always intimately tied to the central problem of the story: Roxy's failure to "save" her son, whose racial heritage seems to damn him inescapably. Roxy herself seems to agree with racist sentiments when she tells "Tom" that his black blood is to blame for his behavior. She also takes the opportunity to make claims for her own heritage, telling her son that she is descended from Pocahontas and Captain John Smith, and is thereby of as high quality Virginia stock as the judge or anyone else. While Roxy may seem to be a sort of "Uncle Tom" figure here, Twain avoids this interpretation by making her as much of a victim as her son. Her claims about her ancestry are pathetic and ridiculous, but they show how deeply entrenched the white hegemony is. Roxy's comments point to the fact that b lack blood is the problem: black labor has made the white masters wealthy and thus enabled both "Tom"'s upbringing and the kind of rhetoric that the judge and Roxy use about their fine old families. Concepts of "honor" in this novel have little to do with standards of behavior but are instead ways to uphold an exploitative system. Aside from the more profound issues at stake, this section also contains some of Twain's finest comic writing. The scene at the anti-temperance meeting is theatrical and amusing. It also makes reference to one of the major figures to whom Twain sought to compare himself: Benjamin Franklin. Franklin was the first to set up fire companies in the United States, and the Dawson's Landing fire brigade is similar in its bumbling to the companies Franklin describes in his Autobiography. The comment about the townspeople insuring themselves against the firefighters rather than against fire is obviously Franklin-esque: wry, practical, and linguistically aware. Franklin is the epitome of the self-made man in American literature and history, and by making reference to him Twain means to challenge the idea of self-constructed identities in a world where race is so powerful a determinant that it can erase all else. Pudd'nhead, the most Franklin- like of the characters in this novel, has so far fai led to become who he wants to be, and is left, like Franklin, conducting experiments that are ridiculed rather than appreciated. puddnhead wilson :: essays research papers This section is the heart of both the farce and the tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson. The action is fast-paced, often absurd, and accompanied by convoluted plot twists. Yet it is always intimately tied to the central problem of the story: Roxy's failure to "save" her son, whose racial heritage seems to damn him inescapably. Roxy herself seems to agree with racist sentiments when she tells "Tom" that his black blood is to blame for his behavior. She also takes the opportunity to make claims for her own heritage, telling her son that she is descended from Pocahontas and Captain John Smith, and is thereby of as high quality Virginia stock as the judge or anyone else. While Roxy may seem to be a sort of "Uncle Tom" figure here, Twain avoids this interpretation by making her as much of a victim as her son. Her claims about her ancestry are pathetic and ridiculous, but they show how deeply entrenched the white hegemony is. Roxy's comments point to the fact that b lack blood is the problem: black labor has made the white masters wealthy and thus enabled both "Tom"'s upbringing and the kind of rhetoric that the judge and Roxy use about their fine old families. Concepts of "honor" in this novel have little to do with standards of behavior but are instead ways to uphold an exploitative system. Aside from the more profound issues at stake, this section also contains some of Twain's finest comic writing. The scene at the anti-temperance meeting is theatrical and amusing. It also makes reference to one of the major figures to whom Twain sought to compare himself: Benjamin Franklin. Franklin was the first to set up fire companies in the United States, and the Dawson's Landing fire brigade is similar in its bumbling to the companies Franklin describes in his Autobiography. The comment about the townspeople insuring themselves against the firefighters rather than against fire is obviously Franklin-esque: wry, practical, and linguistically aware. Franklin is the epitome of the self-made man in American literature and history, and by making reference to him Twain means to challenge the idea of self-constructed identities in a world where race is so powerful a determinant that it can erase all else. Pudd'nhead, the most Franklin- like of the characters in this novel, has so far fai led to become who he wants to be, and is left, like Franklin, conducting experiments that are ridiculed rather than appreciated.

What Are the Arguments In Favour Of Private Health Care? Essay

What Are the Arguments In Favour Of Private Health Care? Privatisation is a word which is commonly used to describe the practice of medical patients 'going private' and paying for the services of GPs, hospital doctors or hospital provision, rather than using the NHS. Privatisation can also be used to describe the charge imposed for such health care services such as drugs, appliances, dentures and spectacles. There are many arguments which are in favour of private health care in Britain, such as that private treatment is not the luxury that most people seem to think it is. Most people believe it is a treatment that only rich people can afford. This however, is simply not true as patients in the independent sector now represent a cross section through group insurance schemes. Another positive side to private health care is that a lot of pressure is taken away from the NHS when people turn to private medicine. The NHS receives much needed additional income from private patients who use their 'pay beds'. Also, a number of hospitals offer courses in basic nurse training and post qualification specialist training. This can also benefit the NHS as these nurses can leave the private sector at any time to work for the NHS if they wish. Private practices enable hospital consultants to receive enough earnings similar to those they could gain from working the same job abroad. This helps prevent the so-called 'brain drain' of our much needed hospital consultants. Additionally private hospitals and private insurance companies have, in the past, donated pieces of equipment to the to the NHS hospitals, to be used by both the public and private patients. Another factor that supports the argument of private heal... ...tates that PFI is a vital part of its plans to expand and modernise the public sector and that using the private sector can mean better value for money. PFI has now become Labour's favourite way of paying for new schools and hospitals and they are soon to expand it to cover projects such as roads and bridges. The government have promised that under PFI, the extra cash the government is pouring into the NHS and other public services, will not be wasted and they will also make it possible to buy back buildings when PFI contracts expire and return them to public control. As you can see, there are many advantages to private health care and PFI, despite the number of people who continually criticise the system. As with all projects, there are disadvantages and flaws, however the government are continually working on ways in which to improve the organization.

Ignorance Concerning Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Children

It is said that our children are our most precious resource. They should be protected and allowed to grow up with out being mistreated. Child abuse is a disturbing problem in our country. Most people don't think about child abuse. They just go about their everyday lives doing nothing to combat this issue. They choose to ignore that the problem exists because it is too ugly to look at. It is easier to not do anything if you don't see it in your own life. Therefore, it appears that those people who try to make a positive impact have in someway come in contact with abuse themselves. For this reason child abuse still exists and will probably always exist. The way to stop the abuse is to educate our society about this issue. In recent years we have progressed a great deal in the awareness of this problem. A few decades ago it was not mentioned at all in the media and rarely at home. The subject was taboo and only brought to light in the most extreme cases. Parents using corporal punishment was more common in those days and therefore true abuse was harder to detect. Now many instances are reported on the news and in other media. We are saturated with the reality of violence by TV shows, movies, ads, books, and other art forms. Children's faces are on milk cartons and billboards designed to raise the public's awareness. Most people, such as teachers and parents, know the basic signs to look for in an abused child. It seems that we have come a long way in the battle against child about. However, there are still many problems we must still overcome. Most people don't know that even when a case is reported there is still a high chance that nothing will be done to protect the child. The psychological abuse which chi... ...use, we can help stop what is happening to children everyday. With hope, we will be able to use this new information to prevent the dilemma from getting worse. Our country vitality relies on youth. To ensure this vitality and movement forward, and our society must be educated and simply take a stand to protect children from abuse. Bibliography: 1. www.infoseek.com a. Searched for child abuse, child abuse articles, and child abuse prevention A. www.yesican.org/articles 1. Invisible Scars by Dr. Stacy Becker 2. When Children Tell and No One Listens by Sherry A. Quirk 3. The Link between Child Abuse and Domestic Violence written for Child Protection Leader B. www.naplesnew.com 1. Child abuse Deaths Go Unpunished, by Associated Press C. www.prevent-abuse-now.com 1. Adult-Child Sex: Is It Abuse or Misuse? by Nancy Faulkner, Ph.D.

Marshmallow Test

The Marshmallow Test is a study that was done by Walter Mischel in 1972 to test how children are able to delay gratification and how that might affect them later in life. The four year old children were told they could either eat the first marshmallow in 15 minutes or wait and receive a second marshmallow. They were visited again when they were 20 and the ones who were able to resist temptation had less behavioral problems and did better on their SATs. There are three types of research methods used in this study. One is experimentation. Experimentation is when researchers manipulate certain variables to see how they affect other variables. There are two types of variables, independent and dependent. The independent variable is the variable that might cause an effect. The dependent variable is the variable that shows the outcome of the experiment by showing the effects of the independent variable. In this study the independent variable is the marshmallow, or the ability to delay gratification. The dependent variable is being able to delay gratification as a child makes one less likely to have behavioral problems, and also do better in school. The second type of method used in this study is correlation. Correlation shows how two things relate to each other. In this study, they are the two variables, which are the ability to delay gratitication as a child and how well someone does as a young adult. These two variables correlate by showing that a child who is able to not eat the marshmallow in 15 minutes is more likely to not have behavioral problems later in life and to do better on their SATs. The third method used in this study is observation. Observation studies behaviors as they happen, without any intervention. This study shows that because the person who runs the study observes the children after telling them the rules and does not intervene with how they reacted to the marshmallow, whether that be eating it, playing with it, smelling it, etcetera. They did not interfere with the outcome of the study. In conclusion, this study shows that children who are able to delay gratification are more likely to be able to be more socially competent and get higher test scores.

Oscar Wao: Domincan Irony

Question: The Gangster, unlike many of the men in the book, is friendly, and treats Beli like a woman. However, his action creates an irony in the book. Explain. Answer: Many of the man in the book have been rude toward the girls in the book. They thought that their action is the right thing to do, since they have the Dominican Pride. All they really cared about was their appearance as a muchacha figure, and did not care for the girls’ feeling or needs. When â€Å"gangster† steps in after Beli had a rough time with Jack who used her as nothing but as a toy; Beli starts to feel a feeling of love. Gangster treats her differently, buying her gifts, treating her to nice restaurants, and taking her out to places. He even opens his heart up and tells her, about the hardship and torment he is going through. Due to his actions, she realizes she loves him, since no man has ever appreciated her or opened up so much before in her life. His actions create an irony; and the actions differ from everything we have encountered about the Dominican Culture so far. However, the real irony kicks in as Beli realizes that gangster has a habit of disappearing for days or weeks on end without notice. When he comes back, she persists about where he has been, and about their marriage, however, gangster does not give her any answers back. When Gangster takes Beli out for a trip, to relax, Beli is extremely happy. During the trip, gangster tells Beli that he wants to be free, creating an ironic moment as he goes back and forth between a gentleman, and a muchacha. However, when she returns home she realizes that she is pregnant, and the reader anticipates for the dramatic irony that will be created, as soon as gangster makes his decision about sticking with being a gentleman and staying with Beli, or leave her and the baby, like the other Dominican men.

The Rule Breakers of Yore

William Shakespeare and Mary Shelley are two prolific writers during their own time. Shakespeare was known for his countless plays like Othello, which tackled a variety of subjects, some touching delicate moral, social, and political issues (Miller n. p). On the other hand, Mary Shelley, a young woman who ran off with the young poet Percy Shelley was the author of a famous horror story called Frankenstein (Hamberg n. p). Both of these writers wrote stories of what may be considered as rule breakers of their time.Since Othello is a play by nature, there were only a few parts that are narrated. The main character Othello was an innocent victim of crude lies made by Iago, the envious villain. Most of the events that took place in the story were the effect of the twisted plan of Iago. People like Cassio, and Roderigo were manipulated according to Iago’s whim resulting to a tragic ending (Shakespeare and Sanders). This Shakespearean narrative proved to be a rule breaker indeed as a ll the elements therein point. The main character, Othello, was a moor in Venice, the country’s center of Christianity.Instead of putting a Christian at the point from which events should revolve, Shakespeare used a moor to represent how much hypocrisy that a Christian is capable of. This was of great importance because during the period when Shakespeare wrote the play, Christianity was stagnant and people were calling out for reforms (Muhlberger n. p) In the play, though the Christian characters were supposed to be portrayed as righteous and covetous, there were depicted as lying men who tried to get what they wanted at the expense of others.They were selfish and greedy, and were even willing to take another person’s life. This was a critical part of the play as it portrayed the city’s religion as one having anomalies and hidden controversies (Muhlberger). Another point that shows the defiance of this play was that a moor was not a very common site in Europe in reality during those days. But in the play, the moor was even a servant to the duke of Venice. He was even more affluent as compared to the other Italian characters (Cummings n. p).On the other hand, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein also proved to rival the deviance of Shakespeare’s play. It was a story about a man, Victor Frankenstein, who created a hideous creature out of spare human parts from slaughtered houses and dissecting clinics. As did the Othello play of Shakespeare, Shelley’s story ended tragically with the main character and the subject of his torment dead (Hamberg n. p). The story strayed in deviance from the norms as it used a story where a man tried to play God by creating a man from chunks of flesh and parts sewn together.Using electricity, he was said to have breathed life into it. This was a form of disrespect because during that time, death was considered as a sacred event. Whether of Anglican or Protestant religion, people exerted all possible e fforts to produce a grand funeral for their dead. The dead were lavishly dressed, placed in elegant coffins and buried in cemeteries with the most beautiful tombstones or mausoleums (Alirangues n. p).Shelley was brave to have characterized a being out of stolen parts of the dead in a time when the dead seemed more important than those who were living. However, this was not yet the most defiant feat of her story as also during those times, in reality, Science and religion had such harmony that in creating a being through science was a form of sacrilege that may utterly destroy the harmony of the two subjects. This has almost been the case of Shakespeare’s Othello (Fyfe n. ).Given such, it may be concluded that the works by two of the most famous authors in history are indeed rule breakers in their own right, and in their own time. Whether they have created the narratives for the purposes of satire or to show the people harsh realities, they have successfully weaved literature treasures that are remembered not only because they were masterfully done, but because they have dared to break away from the norms in the subtlest yet very striking way.

Introduction to the World of Retailing

Chapter 01 Introduction to the World of RetailingMultiple Choice Questions1. (p. 6) What is retailing? A. It is the merchandising component of the retail mix. B. It is the set of business activities that adds value to the products and services sold to consumers for their personal use. C. It is the strategy retailers and vendors use to get products into the stores. D. It is the process of offering products in smaller quantities for consumer consumption patterns. E. It is the ability to offer enough variety in a store to encourage one-stop shopping. Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition 2. (p. ) Which of the following businesses would be considered a retailer? A. a hot dog cart at the Highland Games B. Delta Airlines C. University bookstore D. Priceline. com E. all of the above Retailers are businesses that sell goods and/or services. Difficulty: Medium Type: Application 3. (p. 6) Why is it imperative that manufacturers like Apple Computer and Proctor and Gamble understand how retailers operate? A. Manufacturers will be able to sell directly on-line. B. Manufacturers will understand how to get their products on the shelves and sold to the customer. C. Manufacturers can better sell merchandise without retailers.D. Retailers can expect fewer buyouts to occur. E. Manufacturers can limit multi-channel integration Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension 4. (p. 6) A ______________ is a business that sells products and/or services to consumers for their personal or family use. A. manufacturer B. wholesaler C. retailer D. Distributor Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition 5. (p. 6) The decisions that retail manger make include: A. Selecting their target markets B. Selecting retail locations C. Negotiating with suppliers D. Training and motivating sales associates E. All of the above Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension6. (p. 7) A(n) ______________ is a set of firms that make and deliver a given set of goods and services to the ultimate consumer. A. supply chain B. buying network C. trade association D. integrated wholesale network Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition7. (p. 7) A retailer's role in a supply chain is to: A. act as the liaison between manufacturers and wholesalers B. buy merchandise exclusively from the manufacturers C. negotiate with manufacturers to eliminate a wholesaler D. satisfy the needs of the consumers E. sell to wholesalers Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition8. (p. ) ______________ is when a firm performs more than one set of activities in a channel. A. Channel diversification B. Horizontal development C. Horizontal integration D. Ve rtical development E. Vertical integration Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition9. (p. 7) If a chain of florist shops opened a plant nursery to provide gift plants and cut flowers to all of its outlets within a 300-mile radius, the chain would be practicing A. vertical integration. B. channel expansion. C. horizontal expansion. D. opportunity incrementing. E. service marketing. The florist is performing more than one channel function. Difficulty: Medium Type: Application10. (p. 7) Victoria's Secret, a popular retail chain in women's lingerie and perfume, design the merchandise they sell, and then contract with manufacturers to produce it exclusively for them. Victoria's Secret is practicing: A. globalization B. product-related marketing C. vertical integration D. horizontal integration E. product diversification Because the retail chain designs and contracts its manufacturing firm, it is an example of vertical integration. Difficulty: Medium Type: Application11. (p. 7) Why is it advanta geous for retailers to be vertically integrated? A.It is advantageous because retailers can develop unique merchandise sold only in their stores. B. Retailers can expand their services easily to the Internet because they can direct orders to the manufacturer C. Retailers have realized that to stay competitive, they must become vertically integrated D. Customers prefer retailers who are vertically integrated. E. There is no advantage to being vertically integrated. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension12. (p. 7) A retailer that is vertically integrated: A. concentrates on selling to businesses only B. does not have frequent communication between buyers and managers C. as an excellent vertical relationship between corporate and stores D. performs more than one function in the chain from manufacturing to sales to end user E. performs only one function to end user Difficulty: Medium Type: Definition13. (p. 7) __________________ arises when a retailer performs some distribution and manufa cturing activities, such as operating warehouses or designing private-label merchandise. A. Globalization B. Product-related marketing C. Backward integration D. Horizontal integration E. Forward integration Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition14. (p. ) _______________ occurs when a manufacturer undertakes retailing activities. A. Private label business B. Product-related marketing C. Backward integration D. Horizontal integration E. Forward integration Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition15. (p. 7) Retailers provide important functions that increase the value of the products and services they sell to consumers. Which of the following does not include value function created by a retailer? A. Providing an assortment of products and services B. Reducing production costs with innovative design C. Breaking bulk D. Holding inventory E. Providing services Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition16. (p. 8) Which of the following statements about retailers holding inventory is FALSE? A. By having invent ory held in the store, consumers can hold less merchandise at home. B. By holding inventory, retailers can decrease the visual merchandising expenditure. C. Holding inventory in a store helps serve the customer's needs. D. Retailers keep inventory so products are available when consumers want them. E. Holding inventory reduces consumer's cost of storing products. Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension17. (p. 8) Grocers purchase pineapples from several different tropical countries.When pineapples arrive in the distribution centers across the United States, containers are reduced to amounts that are appropriate for store delivery. Once delivered to the stores, associates open the cartons and arrange the pineapples for the consumer to select. Grocers are performing what function? A. adaptive selling B. breaking bulk C. acclimating D. distribution E. transferring Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension18. (p. 8) Providing assortments is an advantageous business activity because: A. it en ables the company to create a more informational and entertaining environment that would promote more sales B. t enables the company to reinvest for the future of the business. C. it enables the customer to choose from a wide selection of brands, designs, sizes and prices all in one store D. it enables the customer to try more products E. It enables the customer to stock up on the assortments because of bulk availability. Difficulty: Medium Type: Application19. (p. 8) One of the functions retailers undertake to increase the customer's perception of value is providing services. Which of the following would be an example of that activity? A. clean restrooms B. displaying merchandise C. aving trained salespeople available to answer questions D. well-lit parking E. all of the above All of these functions are provided by the retailer to make it easier for a customer to buy and use products. Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension20. (p. 8) A credit union holds and maintains detailed records of the banking activities of its members. Each quarter, the credit union provides its members a printout of banking activities, information about low rate loans and pre-owned automobiles. By contacting its members on a regular basis, the credit union is engaging in the business function of: A. breaking bulk B. olding inventory C. providing assortments D. financing E. providing services Maintaining records and informing members are services. Difficulty: Easy Type: Application21. (p. 9) Retailing is one of the nation's largest industries in terms of: A. community involvement B. employment C. competition D. promotions E. variety Difficulty: Easy Type: Fact22. (p. 11) When considering the largest retailers worldwide, ___________ retailers continue to dominate among them. A. food B. apparel C. drug D. home-improvement E. Internet Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension23. (p. 11) Which of the following statements about the U.S. distribution system is true? A. Many people think the United States is understored. B. Many U. S. retailers are large enough to have their own warehouses and have eliminated their need for wholesalers. C. When compared to retail density in Europe, the United States is very low. D. The small specialty store is the fastest growing type of U. S. retailer. E. All of the above statements about the U. S. distribution system are false. The U. S. is probably overstored. The U. S. has the greatest retail density in the world. The large store with over 20,000 square feet is the fastest growing type of U. S. etailer. Difficulty: Medium Type: Fact24. (p. 11) The Chinese distribution system: A. has more people employed in distribution than the U. S. B. is characterized by small stores with a large wholesale industry C. is more efficient than the distribution system in the U. S. D. is more similar to U. S. distribution systems than Europe's systems E. none of the above Difficulty: Medium Type: Fact25. (p. 11) The fastest growing retailers in the United St ates sell through: A. kiosks in malls and department stores B. large stores with over 20,000 square feet C. outlet stores D. small specialty stores E. he Internet Difficulty: Medium Type: Fact26. (p. 12) What factors have created differences in the distribution systems in the major markets? A. geography B. market size C. the high population density in Europe, China, and India D. different social and political objectives E. all of the above Difficulty: Easy Type: Fact27. (p. 12) Which of the following is NOT TRUE when explaining what created differences within the distribution system of the major international markets? A. China and India have many large businesses to reduce unemployment. B. E. U. has many large retailers to achieve economy of scales. C. E. U. countries protect small retailers. D. China has many large retailers because it has an abundance of low-cost real estate available for building large stores. Difficulty: Hard Type: Fact28. (p. 12) Which of the following is NOT T RUE in describing distribution systems within major international markets? A. The U. S. distribution system has the greatest retail density and the greatest concentration of large retail firms. B. The Indian distribution systems are characterized by small stores operated by small firms and a large independent wholesale industry. C. In the Chinese distribution system, the merchandise often passes through several levels of distribution to make the daily deliveries to the small retailers efficient. D. Northern European retailing is similar to efficient distribution system in the U. S. E. Southern European retailing is fragmented across all sectors. F. All of the above is true. G. None of the above is true. Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension29. (p. 16) The competition between the same types of retailers is called: A. intertype competition B. indirect competition C. intratype competition D. scrambled merchandising E. vertical integration Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition30. (p. 16) C VS, Walgreens and Rite Aid are _________ competitors. A. indirect B. intratype C. intertype D. vertical E. horizontal All three category killers utilize the same format Difficulty: Medium Type: Application31. (p. 16) Macy's, Belk, JCPenney and Nordstrom are ___________ competitors. A. channel B. vertical C. intertype D. intratype E. none of the above All three department stores use the same format Difficulty: Medium Type: Application32. (p. 16) Which of the following would be an intratype competitor for a Home Depot supermarket? A. Target B. Lowe's C. Kroger D. Macy's E. All of the above Lowes is a home-improvement center Difficulty: Easy Type: Application33. (p. 16) What is variety? A. Variety is the number of different items in a category. B. Variety is the number of different SKU's within a merchandise category. C. Variety is the number of different merchandise categories within a store. D. Variety is another term for scrambled merchandising. E. Variety is the number of different facets of the business plan. Difficulty: Medium Type: Definition34. (p. 16) When Taco Bell opened its first restaurant, a hungry patron could order a taco, a burrito and a Coke. In those early years, Taco Bell did not offer much: A. assortment B. product depth C. quantity D. value E. variety Difficulty: Medium Type: Application35. (p. 16) Dillards sells Godiva chocolates and coffees in their stores. By selling such products, Dillards is: A. offering a good merchandise mix B. offering what the market demands C. offering deep product assortments D. practicing scrambled merchandising E. practicing intratype competition Difficulty: Medium Type: Application36. (p. 16) The offering of merchandise not typically associated with the store type is called: A. scrambled merchandising B. ntratype competition C. product diversification D. channel conflict E. vertical differentiation Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition37. (p. 16) While vacationing at the beach, Delia was delighted to see that the l ocal Walgreens carried milk, bread, apples and bananas. Her delight indicates she has never seen: A. a deep product assortment B. an acceptable merchandising mix C. a retail mix D. scrambled merchandising E. this type of intratype competition Difficulty: Medium Type: Application38. (p. 16) Scrambled merchandising increases: A. vertical integration B. intertype competition C. concentric diversification D. orizontal integration E. intratype competition Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension39. (p. 16) Which of the following would be an example of intertype competition? A. a supermarket and a fresh flower stand B. a specialty store and a fast food restaurant C. a supercenter and a pharmacy D. a convenience store and a department store E. all of the above Difficulty: Easy Type: Application40. (p. 16) The Lands' End Web site, the JCPenney catalog, and the Sears area all in ____________ competition. A. channel B. horizontal C. indirect D. intertype E. intratype They all sell similar produ cts, but use different formats to do so. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension41. (p. 16) Increasing intertype competition has made it harder for retailers to identify their: A. competition B. target market C. merchandise mix D. retail mix E. none of the above Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension42. (p. 16) The intensity of competition is greatest among retailers when: A. price dominates the retail mix B. they are located near each other and offer similar retail offerings C. they are located near each other and target the same customer D. they are located far from each other and offer similar retail offerings E. hey are located far from each other and target the same customer Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension43. (p. 16) Since convenience of location is important in store choice, a store's proximity to competitors is a critical factor in identifying: A. competition B. ethical standards C. real estate negotiations D. the target market E. which merchandise to scramble Difficulty: M edium Type: Comprehension44. (p. 18) Once a retailer understands its environment, it needs to develop and implement a: A. viable customer base B. advertising plan C. retail strategy D. competitive strategy E. functional strategy The retail strategy is developed after information is gathered in a situation analysis. Although similar in theory to a business plan, it is specific to the retailing industry. Difficulty: Easy Type: Application45. (p. 18) The retail strategy helps a retailer to identify the following EXCEPT: A. The target market toward which the retailer will direct its efforts. B. The nature of the merchandise and services the retailer will offer to satisfy the needs of the target market. C. How the retailer will build a long-term advantage over its competitors. D. Break-even point for making profits E. All of the above Difficulty: Easy Type: Application46. (p. 18) When developing the _________________ for his new barber shop, Theo decided to obtain a long-term competitive advantage over other salons by offering longer hours, better prices, a well trained staff and half-price perm day every Wednesday to attract customers. A. selling concept B. business cycle C. retail strategy D. focal point orientation E. marketing concept A retail strategy statement identifies the target market, the merchandise and services, and how the retailer will build a long-term advantage over its competitors. All three of these elements are present in the question. Difficulty: Medium Type: Application47. (p. 18) As the owner of a store specializing in men's suits, Isabella can use a retail strategy statement to identify all of the following EXCEPT: A. the advertising campaign developed to sell last season's merchandise B. the shop's target market C. how the store will build a competitive advantage over Men's Warehouse D. what services the shop will offer its customers E. what types of suits the store will stock A retail strategy has to do with planning for the future and not focusing on a short-term problem. Difficulty: Hard Type: Application48. (p. 0) Which of the following strategies has JCPenney changed to compete effectively with the competition in the past? A. JCPenney centralized merchandise management. B. JCPenney is building new stores off the mall. C. JCPenney is designing stores with centralized checkout. D. JCPenney now ships merchandise through distribution centers. E. JCPenney is upgrading its merchandise offering by adding France's cosmetics Sephora. F. All of the above Difficulty: Medium Type: Comprehension49. (p. 21) To implement a retail strategy, a retailer must develop a _____ that satisfies the needs of its target market better than its competitors. A. production orientation B. horizontal integration C. sales orientation. D. retail mix. E. situation analysis The retail mix is the combination of factors that satisfies customers' needs. The others are not used for this purpose. Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension50. (p. 21) Once a we ll-articulated retail strategy has been developed, the next step is to: A. override the control mechanism B. evaluate the results of the strategy C. forecast future environmental trends D. confirm that environmental conditions have not changed E. implement the strategy Once the strategy is developed, the next logical step is implementation.Nothing would get accomplished if a retailer repeatedly went back to step 1 as in Alternatives C and D. The final stage in the process is the evaluation of the strategy. Overriding the control mechanism would not be a good idea in any case. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension51. (p. 21) The combination of factors retailers use to satisfy customer needs and influence their purchase decisions is called the firm's: A. retailing conglomerate B. retail mix C. marketing strategy D. target group E. none of the above Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition52. (p. 21) Which of the following is part of a retailer's retail mix? A. advertising B. displays C. train ed salespeople D. services offered E. all of the above All of the choices are elements within the retail mix. Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition53. (p. 21) Which of the following is NOT an element in the retail mix? A. competitive response B. merchandise assortments C. location D. customer service E. advertising and promotion The elements of the retail mix include customer service, store design and display, advertising and promotion, location, assortments and pricing. Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition54. (p. 21) Which of the following parts of the retail mix can be utilized by a small hardware store? A. bright lighting in the store, which makes it easier to read the messages B. a new ad campaign that uses both radio and newspaper media C. store location next door to a hospital D. attractive point-of-purchase displays at the ends of the store's aisles E. all of the above Store design, location, and advertising programs are all part of the retail mix. Difficulty: Medium Type: Applicati on55. (p. 23) What are the principles governing the behavior of the individual and the company? A. ethics B. retail strategy C. training guidelines D. company culture E. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Difficulty: Easy Type: Definition56. (p. 23) Belinda is a swimwear buyer for a major department store. She will allow vendors to purchase her lunch at the local coffee shop when they visit. One October, she dined with a new vendor to discuss a progressive line of men's swimwear that is popular in resorts throughout the Caribbean. Belinda's goal was to assess the assortments for her company in order to see if the product was a good fit for the company brand. During lunch, the vendor invited Belinda for an all-expense paid weekend trip to Jamaica to see the popularity of the merchandise. His goal was to enable her to make a more educated decision when buying. Belinda hesitated to accept because of: A. personal and professional ethics B. the scheduling of the buy for the spring season C. the pr ice of the exclusive merchandise would not match the income level of her target market D. the manufacturer would be unable to develop the line in time for spring E. her inability as a buyer to alter the visual merchandising for the store Difficulty: Medium Type: Application Essay Questions57. (p. 7) What is the retailer's role in a supply chain? The retailer's role in the distribution channel is to link manufacturers with onsumers by directing their efforts to satisfying the needs of the ultimate consumers. Difficulty: Medium58. (p. 8) List the four functions performed by retailers. The four functions performed by retailers are (1) providing an assortment of products and services, (2) breaking bulk, (3) holding inventory, and (4) providing services. Difficulty: Easy59. (p. 8) With manufacturers legally able to sell direct from the factories, why should retailers exist? In the retailing distribution channel, there are occasions when manufacturers sell directly to the ultimate consume r. While occasionally doing so, manufacturers mainly exist to manufacture products to satisfy the needs of a wholesaler or retailer. Retailers exist because they direct their efforts and specialize in satisfying only the customer's needs. Retailers exist because they increase the value consumers receive. Difficulty: Medium60. (p. 16) Distinguish between intratype competition and intertype competition. Give an example of each. Intratype competition refers to the competition between retailers with the same format. An example would be the competition between Publix and BiLo for sale of fresh salmon. Intertype competition refers to retailers that sell similar merchandise using different formats. An example would be the sale of Revlon Color-Stay Lipstick between CVS and Target. Difficulty: Easy61. (p. 16) Why would a Walgreens add novelty gifts, fresh bread, pre-wrapped sandwiches and milk to its product mix? Walgreens is engaging in scrambled merchandising. They have added these product s; and therefore, appeal more to a broader group of customers, while providing one-stop shopping for our time-starved society. Difficulty: Medium62. (p. 16) A chef wants to open an Italian restaurant in the suburbs of a large city. How should she identify the competition? This question can have a variety of responses, but she could first look at the obvious and identify other Italian restaurants near her location. Is her location the best? She should consider frozen Italian entrees at nearby grocery stores. She should also consider the prices of the entrees she offers and compare them to the prices of other types of restaurants. Difficulty: Medium63. (p. 17) Why do retailers consider customers important when developing a retail strategy? Retailers need to understand customers and how they are changing so that they can better satisfy their needs. Retailers need to know and understand why customers shop, how they select stores and how they select from that store's merchandise. Difficu lty: Medium64. (p. 18) What are the three things identified by a retail strategy statement? (1) The target market toward which the retailer will direct its efforts, (2) the nature of the merchandise and services the retailer will offer to satisfy the needs of the target market, and (3) how the retailer will build a long-term advantage over its competitors. Difficulty: Medium65. (p. 18) Why is location strategy important for both consumers and for competitive reasons? 1) Location is typically the most important characteristic consumers consider when selecting a store. (2) A good location creates a long-term advantage over the competition. Difficulty: Medium66. (p. 19) The success of discount stores poses a growing threat for JCPenney. To compete effectively with these retailers, the company instituted some radical changes. Discuss four changes the company made and how JCPenney expects the changes to better satisfy its target market. (1) JCPenney is reducing its distribution costs by shipping merchandise through its distribution centers rather than using direct delivery from vendors to stores. 2) JCPenney centralized merchandise management. Rather than having sore managers make merchandise decisions, merchandise decisions are made by JCPenney buyers in the corporate headquarters to save costs and respond quicker. (3) To increase customer convenience, JCPenney is building new stores off the mall. (4) To increase convenience, the company is also installing centralized checkout counters in each area of the store. Difficulty: Medium Fill in the Blank Questions67. (p. 7) Renting a tuxedo, the purchase of a DVD on Amazon. om, buying a Ronco Veg-O-Matic after watching an infomercial, and getting a facial are all examples of ________ activities–the sale of goods and services to the ultimate consumer. retailing Difficulty: Easy68. (p. 7) A _____ is a business that sells products and services to ultimate consumers. retailer Difficulty: Easy69. (p. 7) Retailers are the final business in a distribution channel that link __________ to consumers. manufacturers Difficulty: Easy70. (p. 7) A _____________ is a set of businesses that move products from the point of production to the point of sale to the ultimate consumer. distribution channel Difficulty: Easy71. (p. 7) When a retailer like L. L. Bean designs merchandise as well as sells the merchandise, _________ is occurring. vertical integration Difficulty: Medium72. (p. 8) By providing assortments, breaking bulk, holding inventory, and providing services, retailers increase the ___________ consumers receive from their products and services. value Difficulty: Medium73. (p. 9) _______________ describes the voluntary actions taken by a company to address the ethical, social, and environmental impacts of its business operations and the concerns of its stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility Difficulty: Easy74. (p. 6) When Austin saw pastries and coffee at his local bookstore, he knew it was an e xample of __________, which is the juxtaposition of unrelated merchandise in the store. scrambled merchandise Difficulty: Medium75. (p. 16) Scrambled merchandising increases _______, which occurs between retailers that sell similar merchandise using different formats, such as specialty and discount stores. intertype competition Difficulty: Medium76. (p. 19) The philosophy, strategies, programs and systems that focus on identifying and building loyalty with a retailer's most valued customers are called _______________. customer relationship management Difficulty: Medium77. (p. 23) _________ are the principles governing the behavior of individuals and companies. Ethics Difficulty: Easy Short Answer Questions78. (p. 8) Best Buy purchases many of the CD's, Playstation 2 games, DVD's and DVD players by the truckload then sells them in smaller quantities to its stores where consumers are allowed to buy them one at a time. What business function is Best Buy performing? breaking bulk Diffic ulty: Medium79. (p. 8) Costco buys directly from manufacturers. They have merchandise shipped to their warehouses for storage, and then distribute the merchandise to their stores. What term is used to describe this type of activity? vertical integration Difficulty: Medium80. (p. 14) Which retailer had its humble beginnings in rural Arkansas and now is the largest retailer in the world? Wal-Mart Difficulty: Easy81. (p. 15) What is the first step in the retail management decision process? getting an understanding of the world of retailing Difficulty: Medium82. (p. 16) When is the intensity of competition between retail stores the greatest? when they are involved in intratype competition Difficulty: Medium83. (p. 16) What type of merchandising increases intertype competition? crambled merchandising Difficulty: Medium84. (p. 18) The Aviary is a pet shop that focuses on birds and their accoutrements for bird lovers. The shop carries cages, perches, toys and even gourmet seed and dried fr uits. It sponsors a bird club where members can bring their pets to share with other bird lovers. The store provides an inexpensive veterinary service. It even has a 3-month guarantee when you purchase a bird. The Aviary has created loyalty from its customers and continuously attracts new ones because of the services offered. What does this describe? It describes the store's retailing strategy. The paragraph describes the target market, the merchandise and services and how it maintains a strategic advantage over competitors. Difficulty: Hard85. (p. 19) Why do retailers use point of sale (POS) terminals to read Universal Product Codes (UPC) and electronic data interchange (EDI) to send sales and inventory information from computer to computer? These technologies allow retailers to have a better idea of what is selling and a way to quickly communicate that information to vendors so that replenishment can quickly occur. Additionally it gives the retailer a competitive advantage over re tailers that do not work with current supply chain management systems. Difficulty: Hard86. (p. 23) When making the strategic and tactical decisions managers need to consider the effects of their decisions on the profitability of their firms and the satisfaction of their customers. What other implications must managers consider as a result of their decisions? ethical and legal implications Difficulty: Hard